2024年3月5日发(作者：)

productivity劳动生产率

tion-possibility curve(ppc)生产可能性边界

te advantage绝对优势comparative advantage比较优势ple of comparative advantage比较优势原则：(A country will export

the goods and services that it can produce at a low opportunity cost and

import the goods and services that it would otherwise produce at a high

opportunity cost. )

unity cost机会成本(the value of other goods and services that

are not produced because resources are instead used to produce this

product.)increasing marginal cost 递增边际成本nt Marginal Cost:

边际成本不变

7.( community)indifference curve (社会)无差异曲线

8. labor-intensive劳动密集型的

of trade贸易条件:(the ratio of the price of its export commodity

to the price of its import commodity)

-sum game 零和竞争Positive-sum game合作博弈

11. Factor-endowment生产要素Factor-proportions要素比例

-oriented 、import-competing sector出、进口导向部门

ic growth经济增长 balanced growth平衡增长 biased growth偏颇增长 immiserizing growth悲惨性增长

14. product cycle hypothesis 产品生命周期理论The five stages: 五个阶段The introduction of the product；Expansion of production for export ；

Standardization and beginning of production abroad through

imitation ；Foreign imitators underselling the nation in third markets ；Foreigners underselling the innovating firms in their home market as well.

disease荷兰病Alternative Theories of Trade贸易的替代理论listic competition垄断竞争Global oligopoly全球寡头垄断nt returns to scale规模报酬不变Internal scale economies内部规模经济External scale economies外部规模经济

-industry Trade产业内部贸易(two way trade in which a country

both exports and imports the same or very similar products)

Inter-industry trade产业间贸易(a country exports some products in trade

for imports of others quite different products)

country (price-taker)小国Large country (price-setter)大国

关税: （a tax on importing a good or service into a country

customs） countervailing duties（反补贴税）anti-dumping duties（反倾销税）Specific tariff(从量税) Ad Valorem tariff (从价税) Compound tariff

(复合税) Alternative duties (选择税）Monopsony power买方垄断势力The

Nationally Optimal Tariff全国最优关税

ption effect消费效应 production effect生产效应

iff barriers (NTBS)非关税壁垒Import Quota (Quota) 进口配额import-license auction进口许可证拍卖resource-using application

procedures使用资源的应用程序Resource-using procedures资源使用的过程Voluntary Export Restraints （VER）(自愿出口限制) TBT( technical barrier

to trade) (技术性贸易壁垒)

ic Content Requirements国内成分要求Mixing requirements混合要求Net loss净损失

ment procurement政府采购业务 fixed favoritism固定偏袒 failure市场失灵Government failure政府失灵

infant industry幼稚产业spillover effect 溢出效应

ory dumping掠夺性倾销（恶性倾销）Cyclical dumping周期性倾销Seasonal dumping季节性倾销: sell off excess inventories of a product

mping duty反倾销税(discrepancy不符)Export Subsidy出口补贴Government subsidize exports政府补贴出口Countervailing duty反补贴税Strategic export subsidy战略性出口补贴Game theory.博弈理论

discrimination价格歧视

Blocs贸易集团: each member country can import from other

member countries freely, or at least cheaply, while imposing barriers

against imports from outside countries.

31. Trade embargoes贸易禁运: some countries discriminate completely

against certain other countries, for a policy dispute. Block exports to or

imports from, even block both exports and imports.

-trade area自由贸易区: members remove trade barriers among

themselves but keep their separate national barriers against trade with

the outside world. (NAFTA北美自由贸易区)

s Union关税联盟: members remove all barriers to trade among

themselves and also adopt a common set of external barriers. (EEC, 欧洲经济共同体European Economic Community 1957-1992)

34. Preferential Trade Arrangement优惠贸易协定: provide lower barriers

on trade among participating nations on trade than with nonmember

nations

35. Common Market共同市场: members allow full freedom of factor

flows (migration of labor and capital) among themselves in additional to

having a customs union. (EC欧共体（European Community)

favored nation principle( MFN最惠国): any concession given to

any foreign nation must be given to all nations having MFN status

creation贸易创造: net volume of new trade created by forming

the trade bloc. Increase the welfare of the country because it shifts

productions from less efficient domestic producers to the more efficient

producers inside union.

diversion贸易转向: the volume of trade diverted from low-cost

outside exporters to higher-cost bloc-partner exporters. Reduce the

welfare of the country. ASEAN东南亚国家联盟APEC亚太经贸合作组织Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

39.H—O model: a nation will export the commodity whose production

requires the intensive use of the nation’s relatively abundant and deep

factor and import the commodity whose production requires the

intensive use of the nation’s relatively scare and expensive factor.