2024年3月10日发(作者：)

Chapter 9 Romanticism

1. Romanticism refers to an attitude or intellectual orientation

that characterizes many works of literature , painting, music,

architecture, criticism, and historiography in western civilization

over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century.浪漫主

义指的是一种态度或知识取向,刻画出了许多作品的文学、绘

画、音乐、建筑、批评和史学在西方文明在一段时间内从18

世纪末到19世纪中叶。

2. The "Preface" to Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth,

known as the manifesto of romanticism, addresses the subjects,

aim and style of romantic poetry as well as the essential

characteristics of a romantic poet.威廉·华兹华斯是一个浪漫

的诗人，他写的抒情诗集的“卷首语”,被称为浪漫主义宣言,

讨论了浪漫主义诗歌的主题,目的和风格以及基本特征的。

3. William Wordsworth was an early leader of Romanticism in

English poetry, who ranks as one of the greatest lyric poets in

the history of English literature.威廉·华兹华斯是英语诗歌中

早期浪漫主义的领袖,他在英语文学的历史位列最伟大的抒

情诗人之一。

4. William Wordsworth focused on nature, children, the poor,

and ordinary people, and used plain words to express his

personal feelings. His definition of poetry was "the spontaneous

overflow of powerful feelings arising from emotion recollected

in tranquility.”威廉·华兹华斯关注自然、孩子、穷人和普通

人,并且使用普通语言来表达他的个人感情。他对诗歌的定义

是“强烈感情的自然流露：它源于情感，但在平静中回忆”。

5. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the greatest figure of German

Romanticism, is regarded as a giant of world literature.约翰·沃

尔夫冈·冯·歌德,德国浪漫主义的最伟大的人物,被认为是

一个巨大的世界文学。

6. The Sorrows of Young Werther was written by Johann

Wolfgang von Goethe. 《少年维特之烦恼》是歌德写的。

7. Goethe's poetry includes lyrics in praise of natural beauty and

ballads that echo folk themes.歌德的诗歌包括赞美自然风光的

抒情诗和呼应民俗主题的叙事诗歌。

8. Many of Goethe's works were inspired by a series of

passionate love for women.许多歌德的作品的灵感来自于一

系列对女性热烈的爱。

Chapter 10 Socialism

9. Socialism in the Western context is a general term for the

political and economic theory that advocates a system of

collective or government ownership and management of the

means of production and distribution of goods.社会主义在西方

语境中是一个对政治和经济理论的一般术语，它主张一个系

统的集体或政府对商品的生产和分配的所有权和管理方式。

10. Socialism arose in the late 18th and early 19th century as a

reaction to the economic and social changes associated with the

Industrial Revolution.社会主义出现在18世纪末和19世纪初

作为一种与工业革命相关的经济和社会变化的反应。

11. The word socialism was first used in the early 1830s by the

followers of Owen in Britain and those of Saint-Simon in France.

社会主义一词最早被用是在1830年代初由欧文的在英国的

和在那些法国圣西门的追随者。

12. Consider the causes of socialist movement as exposed in The

Communist Manifesto. By Marx and Engels.考虑社会主义运

动的原因为暴露在《共产党宣言》。马克思和恩格斯。

13. Karl Marx was a German political philosopher, economic

theorist, founder of scientific socialism and dialectical and

historical materialism, a master and leader of the world working

class. 卡尔马克思是德国的政治哲学家,经济理论家,科学社

会主义的创始人,辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义大师和世界

工人阶级的领袖。

14. The central idea in Marx's thought is the materialistic

conception of history.马克思的思想的中心思想是历史的唯物

主义概念。

15. Charles Dickens was one of the greatest writers in the

English language, one of the world's popular, prolific, and

skilled novelists.查尔斯·狄更斯是英语语言最伟大的作家之

一,世界上最受欢迎的,多产的,和熟练的小说家。

16. Dickens' works are characterized by attacks on social evils,

injustice and hypocrisy.狄更斯的作品特点是攻击社会弊病、

不公和虚伪。

17. Dickens' publishing major novels in quick succession:

Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, The Old Curiosity Shop, David

Copperfield, Hard Times, A Tale of Two Cities, and Great

Expectations.狄更斯的主要小说出版接二连三：《雾都孤儿》，

《尼古拉斯-尼科尔贝》、《老古玩店》,《大卫科波菲尔》,《艰

难时世》,《双城记》,《远大前程》。

Chapter 11 Liberalism

18. Adam Smith was a Scottish economist, founder of classical

economics, eminent social theorist and more philosopher.亚

当·史密斯是一位苏格兰经济学家,古典经济学的创始人,著

名的社会理论家和更多的哲学家。

19. The Wealth of Nations was the first comprehensive system

of political economy.《国富论》是第一个全面的政治经济系

统。

20. A reaction to the system of mercantilism then, The Wealth of

Nations stands as the beginning of classical economics.重商主

义之后体系的一个反应,《国富论》是古典经济学的开始。

21. Though often regarded as bible of capitalism, The Wealth of

Nations is harshly critical of the shortcomings of unrestrained

free enterprise and monopoly.虽然常常被视为资本主义的圣经,

《国富论》严厉批评无限制的自由企业和垄断的缺点。

22. John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher and economist, a

key figure in the movement known as utilitarianism, and one of

the foremost spokesmen for liberalism in the 19th century.约

翰·斯图亚特·穆勒是一位英国哲学家和经济学家,一个关键

人物在运动称为功利主义,最早的对自由主义的发言人在19

世纪。

23. Mill stood as a bridge between the 18th-century concern for

liberty, reason, and science and the 19th-century trend toward

empiricism and collectivism. 穆勒作为18世纪的关注自由、

理性和科学和19世纪的经验主义和集体主义的趋势之间的

桥梁。

24. Mill's most important contribution to political science was

his "On Liberty"(1985). It contains a rational justification of the

freedom of the individual in opposition to the claims of the state

to impose unlimited control, and has become a classic of

libertarian philosophy.穆勒对政治科学最重要的贡献是他的

“《论自由》”(1985)。它包含一个对于个人自由合理的诠释，

反对国家主张实行无限控制，已经成为一个经典的自由主义

的哲学。

25. Thomas Hill Green's philosophy was mach influenced by

Hegel and no less by Plato, Aristotle and Kant, Green was an

"idealist" in the philosophical sense of stressing the role of mind

in the construction of knowledge, as opposed to regarding the

mind as a mere passive mirror of nature.托马斯·希尔·格林的

哲学很大程度上受到黑格尔和柏拉图、亚里士多德、康德的

影响，格林是一个“理想主义者”在哲学观念上的强调心灵

在知识结构的作用,而不是把心灵仅仅看作是一个被动的自

然之镜。

Chapter 12 Darwinism

26. Lamarck was the first to present a clearly stated evolutionary

theory.拉马克是第一个提出一个明确的进化理论。

27. In 1859 appeared the first edition of Darwin's The Origin of

Species. 1859年出现了第一个版本的达尔文的《物种起源》。

28. The chief weakness of Darwinian evolution lay in gaps in its

explanations of the mechanism of evolution and of the origin of

species. 达尔文的进化论的主要弱点在于弥补其在解释进化

的机制和物种起源。

29. The excerpts from Darwin's monumental works The Origin

of Species and The Descent of Man focus on his key concept

that evolution is brought about by the interplay of three

principles: variation, heredity, and the struggle for existence. 摘

录自达尔文的不朽的作品《物种起源》和《人类的起源》关

注到他的关键概念,进化所带来的相互作用的三个原则:变异,

遗传,和为生存而进行的斗争。

30. Charles Darwin was a prominent English naturalist of the

19th century whose theory of evolution forms the basis of

modern evolutionary theory and life sciences. 查尔斯 达尔文

是19世纪一个著名的英国自然学家，他进化理论形成了现

代进化理论和生命科学的基础。

31. Herbert Spencer was an English philosopher, prominent

classical liberal political theorist, and one of the founders of

sociology.赫伯特·斯宾塞是一位英国哲学家,著名古典自由主

义政治理论家,社会学的创始人之一。

32. Spencer was the most prominent defender of individual

liberty and critic of the tyranny of the state in the 19th century.

斯宾塞是在19世纪最突出的个人自由的捍卫者和专制国家

的批评家。

33. It was Spencer, not Darwin, who coined the term "the

survival of the fittest" and drew popular attention to the idea of

evolution. He argued that all phenomena could be explained

through evolution and that evolutionary theory could

particularly provide basis for studies in politics and philosophy.

不是达尔文,是斯宾塞创造了“适者生存”这个术语,吸引了

对这个进化理论的广泛关注。他认为,所有的现象可以通过进

化解释,并且进化论可以特别提供对于政治和哲学研究的基

础。

34. The popular phrase "survival of the fittest" was first

introduced in Spencer's Social Statics or the Conditions

Essential to Human Happiness(1851).流行的词语“适者生存”

被首次引入斯宾塞的《社会静力学》或《论人类幸福的重要

条件》(1851)。

Chapter 13 The Challenge to the Tradition

35. Friedrich Nietzsche was an German philosopher, one of the

most influential of modern thinkers. He was a powerful critic of

Christianity, rationalism, and of modern society in general.弗里

德里希·尼采是一个德国哲学家,美国最具影响力的现代思想

家。他是一个强大的批评家对于基督教,理性主义和一般现代

社会。

36. Despite his poor health Nietzsche was a productive writer.

He wrote his first major work The Birth of Tragedy in 1872,

arguing for the significance of the nonrational side of Greek

culture. From 1880 to 1889, he produced most of his works

including The Gay Science, Beyond Good and Evil, The

Antichrist, and The Will to Power. 尽管他的健康状况不佳但

尼采依旧是一个高产作家。他在1872年写了他的第一个主

要作品的《悲剧的诞生》,支持希腊文化非理性的一面的意义。

从1880年到1889年,他创作了他的大部分作品包括《快乐的

科学》,《超越善与恶》,《反基督》,《权力意志》。

37. He proclaimed that God is dead. Man lives in a godless and

absurd world. The ideal man is an overman or superman.他宣称,

上帝死了。人生活在一个不信神的和荒谬的世界。理想的人

是一个超人。

38. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian psychiatrist, and the

founder of psychoanalysis, and one of the most influential

figures in contemporary thought.西格蒙德·弗洛伊德是奥地利

精神病医生,精神分析的创始人之一,也是当代思想最具影响

力的人物。

39. Modeling on the Plato pattern, Freud established a structure

of the principal motivating forces in human mind, i.e.,the id, ego,

and super-ego. 在柏拉图的模式的基础上建模,弗洛伊德建立

了在人类思想主要激励作用的结构的，即：本我,自我,超我。

40. Hence in Sigmund Freud's treatment he developed "the

talking cure," a therapy of relaxing and free association and

dream analysis so as to go into the unconscious and bring it to

the conscious to be confronted and released. 因此在西格蒙

德·弗洛伊德的治疗方式他发展的“谈话疗法”,一个放松的

治疗和自由联想和对梦的解析进行治疗,以进入无意识和带

它去有意识的面对和释放。

Chapter 14 The Modernist Movement

41. Modernism in the cultural historical sense is generally

defined as the new artistic and literary styles that emerged in the

decades before 1914 as artists rebelled against the late

19th-century norms of depiction and literary form, in an attempt

to present what they regarded as an emotionally truer picture of

how people really feel and think. 现代主义在历史意义文化上

通常定义为新艺术和文学风格, 在1914年之前的几十年里

被作为艺术家为了反抗19世纪末期的描写和文学形式规范,

尝试去呈现他们认为是人类真实的感觉和思想的情感上的

真实写照。

42. The history of modern painting begins with Impressionism,

which covers the period from 1860 to 1886. Impressionists, such

as Edouard Manet and Claude Monet. 现代绘画的历史开始于

印象派,涵盖了从1860年到1886年期间。印象派画家,如马

奈和莫奈。

43. Surrealism is a literary and artistic movement influenced by

Freudianism and dedicated to the expression of imagination as

revealed in dreams, free of the conscious control of reason and

free of convention. 超现实主义是文学和艺术运动受到佛洛

伊德学说和致力于在梦中显示表达的想象力,自由的有意识

的控制原因和自由的约定。

44. Episode 18 of the novel is well known for its use of the

stream of consciousness, or interior monologue.集18小说因其

使用意识流,或内心独白而著称,。

45. was an Irish poet, dramatist and prose writer,

Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1923, recognized as one of

the greatest English-language poets of the 20th century. w•b•

耶茨是爱尔兰诗人、剧作家、散文作家、在1923年获得诺

贝尔文学奖,被认为是20世纪最伟大的英语诗人。

46. e.e. cummings (Edward Estlin Cummings) was an American

poet, painter, essayist, and playwright. e.e.卡明斯(爱德华-埃斯

特林-卡明斯)是一个美国诗人、画家、散文家和剧作家。

47. commings had his own style. His contact with the Dada and

Surrealist Movements during his stay in Paris in 1920s inspired

him a great deal. He incorporated his painting technique into his

writing by developing a unique form of poetic cubism--his

poems were visually more direct and three dimensional for he

often broke up his words in space. 卡明斯有自己的风格。在

1920年他呆在巴黎时他接触了达达主义和超现实主义运动，

这大量的启发了他。他把他的绘画技术引入到他的写作中，

通过开发一个独特的诗歌的立体主义的形式——他的诗歌

是更直接的视觉上的和三维的，他经常将他的文字融入到空

间中。

Chapter 15 The West in an Age of Globalism

48. Jean-Paul Sartre was a French philosopher, novelist, and

playwright, the foremost exponent of existentialism writers and

thinkers of the 20th century. 让·保罗·萨特是法国哲学家、

小说家、剧作家,最杰出的范例存在主义作家和20世纪的思

想家。

49. Betty Friedan was a well-known American feminist, social

activist and writer who had made great contribution to the

extension of women's rights in the 20th-century United States.贝

蒂弗里丹是一个著名的美国女权主义、社会活动家和作家，

曾在20世纪的美国对延长妇女的权利作出了重大的贡献。