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英语二2011年真题及答案

英语二2011年真题及答案

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best

word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,

C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The Internet affords anonymity to its users,

a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But

that very anonymity is also behind the

exploration of cyber-crime that has __1__ across

the Web.

Can privacy be preserved __2__ bringing

safety and security to a world that seems

increasingly __3__ ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation's

cyber-czar, offered the federal government a

__4__ to make the web a safer place-a

"voluntary trusted identity" system that would

be the high-tech __5__ of a physical key, a

fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled __6__

one. The system might use a smart identity card,

or a digital credential __7__ to a specific

computer, and would authenticate users at a

range of online services.

The idea is to __8__ a federation of private

online identity systems. Users could __9__ which

system to join, and only registered users whose

identities have been authenticated could

navigate those systems. The approach contrasts

with one that would require an Internet driver's

license __10__ by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among

companies that already have these "single

sign-an" systems that make it possible for users

to __11__ just once but use many different

services.

__12__ , the approach would create a

"walled garden" in cyberspace, with safe

"neighborhoods" and bright " streetlights" to

establish a sense of a __13__ community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary

ecosystem" in which "individuals and

organizations can complete online transactions

with __14__ , trusting the identities of each

other and the identities of the infrastructure

___15___ which the transaction runs. "

Still, the administration's plan has

___16___ privacy rights activists. Some applaud

the approach; others are concerned. It seems

clear that such a scheme is an initiative push

toward what would ___17___ be a compulsory

Internet "driver's license" mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with

___18__ by some computer security experts,

who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem"

envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave

much of the Internet __19__ They argue that all

Internet users should be __20__ to register and

identify themselves, in the same way that drivers

must be licensed to drive on public roads.

1. [A] swept

walked

while

[D] ridden

[B] within [C]

[B] lawless [C]

[D] though

2. [A] for

3. [A] careless

[B] skipped [C]

pointless [D] helpless

[B] reminder [C]

[B] interference [C]

[D] equivalent

[C] from [D] over

[B] directed [C]

[B] discover [C]

[B] suggest [C]

[B] issued [C]

[B] linger on [C] set

[B] In effect [C] In

[B] modernized [C]

[B] delight [C]

4. [A] reason

5. [A] information

entertainment

6. [A] by [B] into

7. [A] linked

chained

create

select

distributed

in

return

thriving

confidence

8. [A] dismiss

9. [A] recall

[D] realize

10. [A] released

11. [A] carry on

[D] log in

12. [A] In vain

13. [A] trusted

14. [A] caution

compromise [D] proposal

[D] compared

[D] improve

[D] delivered

[D] In contrast

[D] competing

[D] patience

15. [A] on

beyond

protected

[D] across

16. [A] divided

[D] united

17. [A] frequently

18. [A] skepticism

[B] after [C]

[B] disappointed [C]

[B] incidentally [C]

[B] tolerance [C]

occasionally [D] eventually

indifference [D] enthusiasm

19. [A] manageable [B] defendable [C]

vulnerable

allowed

[D] invisible

[B] appointed [C]

[D] forced

20. [A] invited

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the

questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or

D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

(40 points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs'

board as an outside director in January 2000; a

year later she became president of Brown

University. For the rest of the decade she

apparently managed both roles without

attracting much criticism. But by the end of

2009 Mrs. Simmons was under fire for having

sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how

could she have let those enormous bonus

payouts pass unremarked? By February the

next year Mrs. Simmons had left the board. The

position was just taking up too much time, she

said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as

helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm's

board. Having made their wealth and their

reputations elsewhere, they presumably have

enough independence to disagree with the chief

executive's proposals. If the sky, and the share

price, is falling, outside directors should be able

to give advice based on having weathered their

own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used

a database that covered more than 10,000 firms

and more than 64,000 different directors

between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply

checked which directors stayed from one proxy

statement to the next. The most likely reason for

departing a board was age, so the researchers

concentrated on those "surprise"

disappearances by directors under the age of 70.

They found that after a surprise departure, the

probability that the company will subsequently

have to restate earnings increases by nearly

20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal

class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock

is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to

be larger for larger firms. Although a

correlation between them leaving and

subsequent bad performance at the firm is

suggestive, it does not mean that such directors

are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often

they "trade up," leaving riskier, smaller firms

for larger and more stable firms.

But the researches believe that outside

directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow

to their reputations if they leave a firm before

bad news break, even if a review of history

shows that they were on the board at the time

any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to

keep their outside directors through tough times

may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside

directors will follow the example of Ms.

Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms.

Simmons was criticized for

__________________.

[A] gaining excessive profits

[B] failing to fulfill her duty

[C] refusing to make compromises

[D] leaving the board in tough times

22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside

directors are supposed to be

__________________.

[A] generous investors

[B] unbiased executives

[C] share price forecasters

[D] independent advisers

23. According to the researchers from Ohio

University, after an outside director' s surprise

departure, the firm is likely to

__________________.

[A] become more stable

[B] report increased earnings

[C] do less well in the stock market

[D] perform worse in lawsuits

24. It can be inferred from the last

paragraph that outside directors

__________________.

[A] may stay for the attractive offers from

the firm

[B] have often had records of wrongdoings

in the firm

[C] are accustomed to stress -free work in

the firm

[D] will decline incentives from the firm

25. The author' s attitude toward the role of

outside directors is __________________.

[A] permissive

[B] positive

[C] scornful

[D] critical

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of

newspapers? A year ago the end seemed near.

The recession threatened to remove the

advertising and readers that had not already

fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San

Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own

doom. America's Federal Trade Commission

launched a round of talks about how to save

newspapers. Should they become charitable

corporations? Should the state subsidize them?

It will hold another meeting soon. But the

discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is little sign of

crisis. German and Brazilian papers have

shrugged off the recession. Even American

newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled

comer of the global industry, have not only

survived but often returned to profit. Not the

20% profit margins that were routine a few

years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers

stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard.

The American Society of News Editors reckons

that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007.

Readers are paying more for slimmer products.

Some papers even had the nerve to refuse

delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate

measures have proved the right ones and, sadly

for many journalists, they can be pushed

further.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced

businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues

from readers and advertisers. American papers

have long been highly unusual in their reliance

on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from

advertising in 2008, according to the

Organization for Economic Cooperation &

Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion

is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers

are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through

newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the

damage has been concentrated in areas where

newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film

reviewers have gone. So have science and

general business reporters. Foreign bureaus

have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less

complete as a result. But completeness is no

longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

26. By saying "Newspapers like…their own

doom"(Line 3, Para. 1), the author indicates

that newspapers ________________.

[A] neglected the sign of crisis

[B] failed to get state subsidies

[C] were not charitable corporations

[D] were in a desperate situation

27. Some newspapers refused delivery to

distant suburbs probably because

________________.

[A] readers threatened to pay less

[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs

[C] journalists reported little about these

areas

[D] subscribers complained about slimmer

products

28. Compared with their American

counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much

more stable because they ________________.

[A] have more sources of revenue

[B] have more balanced newsrooms

[C] are less dependent on advertising

by readership

29. What can be inferred from the last

paragraph about the current newspaper

business?

[A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of

newspapers.

[B] Completeness is to blame for the failure

of newspaper.

[C] Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in

[D] are less affected

the newspaper business.

[D] Readers have lost their interest in car

and film reviews.

30. The most appropriate title for this text

would be ________________.

[A] American Newspapers: Struggling for

Survival

[B] American Newspapers: Gone with the

wind

[C] American Newspapers: A Thriving

Business

[D] American Newspapers: A Hopeless

Story

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades

immediately following World War 11 as a time

of prosperity and growth, with soldiers

returning home by the millions, going off to

college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the

marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a

time of common sense and a belief that less

could truly be more. During the Depression and

the war, Americans had learned to live with less,

and that restraint, in combination with the

postwar confidence in the future, made small,

efficient housing positively stylish.

Economic condition was only a stimulus for

the trend toward efficient living. The phrase

"less is more" was actually first popularized by

a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der

Rohe, who like other people associated with the

Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the

United States before World War Ⅱ and took

up posts at American architecture schools. These

designers came to exert enormous influence on

the course of American architecture, but none

more so than Mies.

Mie's signature phrase means that less

decoration, properly organized, has more

impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not

derive from abundance. Like other modern

architects, he employed metal, glass and

laminated wood -- materials that we take for

granted today but that in the1940s symbolized

the future. Mies's sophisticated presentation

masked the fact that the spaces he designed were

small and efficient, rather than big and often

empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies

built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive, for

example, were smaller -- two-bedroom units

under 1,000 square feet -- than those in their

older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But

they were popular because of their airy glass

walls, the views they afforded and the elegance

of the buildings' details and proportions, the

architectural equivalent of the abstract art so

popular at the time.

The trend toward "less" was not entirely

foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright

started building more modest and efficient

houses -- usually around 1,200 square feet --

than the spreading two-story ones he had

designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The "Case Study Houses" commissioned

from talented modern architects by California

Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and

1962 were yet another homegrown influence on

the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came

from the landscape, new materials and

forthright detailing. In his Case Study House,

Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how

the mechanical revolution would impact

everyday life -- few American families acquired

helicopters, though most eventually got clothes

dryers -- but his belief that self-sufficiency was

both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

31. The postwar American housing style

largely

[A]

reflected

prosperity

the

and

Americans'

growth

________________.

[B] efficiency and practicality

[C] restraint and confidence

[D] pride and faithfulness

32. Which of the following can be inferred

from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?

[A] It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der

Rohe.

[B] Its designing concept was affected by

World War I1.

[C] Most American architects used to be

associated with it.

[D] It had a great influence upon American

architecture.

33. Mies held that elegance of architectural

design ________________.

[A] was related to large space

[B] was identified with emptiness

[C] was not reliant on abundant decoration

[D] was not associated with efficiency

34. What is true about the apartments Mies

built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive?

[A] They ignored details and proportions.

[B] They were built with materials popular

at that time.

[C] They were more spacious than

neighboring buildings.

[D] They shared some characteristics of

abstract art.

35. What can we learn about the design of

the "Case Study Houses" ?

[A] Mechanical devices were widely used.

[B] Natural scenes were taken into account.

[C] Details were sacrificed for the overall

effect.

[D] Eco-friendly materials were employed.

Text 4

Will the European Union make it? The

question would have sounded strange not long

ago. Now even the project's greatest

cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a

"Bermuda triangle" of debt, population decline

and lower growth.

As well as those chronic problems, the EU

faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16

countries that use the single currency. Markets

have lost faith that the euro zone's economies,

weaker or stronger, will one day converge

thanks to the discipline of sharing a single

currency, which denies uncompetitive members

the quick fix of devaluation.

Yet the debate about how to save Europe's

single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is

stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers,

France and Germany, agree on the need for

greater harmonization within the euro zone, but

disagree about what to harmonise.

Germany thinks the euro must be saved by

stricter rules on borrowing, spending and

competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic

sanctions for governments that do not obey.

These might include threats to freeze EU funds

for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and

even the suspension of a country's voting fights

in EU ministerial councils. It insists that

economic co-ordination should involve all 27

members of the EU club, among whom there is a

small majority for free - market liberalism and

economic rigour; in the inner core alone,

Germany fears, a small majority favour French

interference.

A "southern" camp headed by France

wants something different: "European economic

government" within an inner core of euro-zone

members. Translated, that means politicians

intervening in monetary policy and a system of

redistribution from richer to poorer members,

via cheaper borrowing for governments through

common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.

Finally, figures close to the French government

have murmured, euro-zone members should

agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.

g. , curbing competition in corporate-tax rates

or labour costs.

It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains

the world's largest trading block. At its best, the

European project is remarkably liberal: built

around a single market of 27 rich and poor

countries, its internal borders are far more open

to goods, capital and labour than any

comparable trading area. It is an ambitious

attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of

globalization, and make capitalism benign.

36. The EU is faced with so many problems

that ________________.

[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets

[B] even its supporters begin to feel

concerned

[C] some of its member countries plan to

abandon euro

[D] it intends to deny the possibility of

devaluation

37. The debate over the EU's single

currency is stuck because the dominant powers

________________.

[A] are competing for the leading position

[B] are busy handling their own crises

[C] fail to reach an agreement on

harmonization

[D] disagree on the steps towards

disintegration

38. To solve the euro problem, Germany

proposed that ________________.

[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased

[B] stricter regulations be imposed

[C] only core members be involved in

economic co-ordination

[D] voting fights of the EU members be

guaranteed

39. The French proposal of handling the

crisis implies that ________________.

[A] poor countries are more likely to get

funds

[B] strict monetary policy will be applied to

poor countries

[C] loans will be readily available to rich

countries

[D] rich countries will basically control

Eurobonds

40. Regarding the future of the EU, the

author seems to feel

[A] pessimistic [B] desperate [C]

conceited [D] hopeful

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and answer the

questions by finding information from the right

column that corresponds to each of the marked

details given in the left column. There are two

extra choices in the right column. Mark your

answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Leading doctors today weigh in on the

debate over the government's role in promoting

public health by demanding that ministers

impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and

introduce cigarettestyle warnings to children

about the dangers of a poor diet.

The demands follow comments made last

week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley,

who insisted the government could not force

people to make healthy choices and promised to

free businesses from public health regulations.

But senior medical figures want to stop

fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict

advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar,

and limit sponsorship of sports events by

fast-food producers such as McDonald' s.

They argue that government action is

necessary to curb Britain's addiction to

unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of

obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor

Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal

College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said

that the consumption of unhealthy food should

be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or

excessive drinking.

"Thirty years ago, it would have been

inconceivable to have imagined a ban on

smoking in the workplace or pubs, and yet that

is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as

courageous in respect of obesity? I would

suggest that we should be," said the leader of the

UK' s children' s doctors.

Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by

suggesting he wants industry rather than

government to take the lead. He said that

manufacturers of crisps and candies could play

a central role in the Chang4Life campaign, the

centrepiece of government efforts to boost

healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised

the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver' s high-profile

attempt to improve school lunches in England as

an example of how "lecturing" people was not

the best way to change their behaviour.

Stephenson suggested potential restrictions

could include banning TV advertisements for

foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and

limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If

we were really bold, we might even begin to

think of high-calorie fast food in the same way

as cigarettes-by setting strict limits on

advertising, product placement and sponsorship

of sports events," he said.

Such a move could affect firms such as

McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching

scheme run by the Football Association.

Fast-food chains should also stop offering

"inducements" such as toys, cute animals and

mobile phone credit to lure young customers,

Stephenson said.

Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the

Royal College of Psychiatrists, said : "If

children are taught about the impact that food

has on their growth, and that some things can

harm, at least information is available up front.

"

He also urged councils to impose

"fast-food-free zones" around schools and

hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot

open.

A Department of Health spokesperson

said:" We need to create a new vision for public

health where all of society works together to get

healthy and live longer. This includes creating a

new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on

social responsibility, not state regulation. Later

this year, we will publish a white paper setting

out exactly how we will achieve this. "

The food industry will be alarmed that such

senior doctors back such radical moves,

especially the call to use some of the tough

tactics that have been deployed against smoking

over the last decade.

[A] "fat taxes" should be imposed on fast-food producers such as

McDonald's.

[B] the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood

of schools.

41．Andrew Lansley held that

42．Terence Stephenson agreed

[C] "lecturing" was an effective way to improve school lunches in

England.

that

43．Jamie Oliver seemed to [D] cigarette-style warning should be introduced to children about the

dangers of a poor diet.

believe that

44．Dinesh Bhugra suggested that

[E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly

to the Change4Life camign.

45．A Department of Health [F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a

healthy diet at home.

spokesperson proposed that

[G] the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility

among businesses.

Section Ⅲ Translation

46. Directions:

In this section, there is a text in English.

Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation

on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

Who would have thought that, globally, the

IT industry produces about the same volume of

greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do --

roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?

Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll

on the environment. A Google search can leak

between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on

how many attempts are needed to get the

"right" answer. To deliver results to its users

quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data