2024年5月6日发(作者：英格兰对阵美国现场直播)

英国社会文化名词解释简答题

一：名词解释：

1、英国宪法：British Constitution

Britain doesn’t have a constitution written down in a single

document. The constitution flows from 6 sources:1) The Royal

Prerogatives 皇家特权

2) *Statute Laws成文法, They are Acts of Parliament and

subordinate

legislation made under powers conferred by Parliament.

They are a large amount of ‘unwritten’law gathered from

numerous decisions of the courts and other sources

3) *Common Laws 普通法, 判例法

4) *Conventions 习惯法It is one of the main components of

the British

Constitution. It refers to the Bills which have been passed by

courts.

5) Authoritative Opinions 权威意见

6) European Union Laws 欧盟法

2、英国议会：British Parliament

The Parliament is made up of three elements: The Crown (the

Queen); The House of Lords；The House of Commons. The real

centre of parliamentary power lies in the House of Commons. It

is the supreme law making institution in Britian. The Parliament

has other functions: such as control and criticize the executive

government; control the raising and the spending of money.

3、BBC

BBC is the short for British Broadcasting Corporation. The

company was founded in 1922. It is the largest broadcaster in the

world, with about 23,000 staff. Its main responsibility is to provide

public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Channel

Islands and Isle of Man. The main channels are TV/radio

channels ,public service, BBC 1 & BBC 2. It is the principal public

service broadcaster in the United Kingdom, with its headquarters

at Broadcasting House in the City of Westminster, London.

TV/radio channels.

4、下议院The House of Commons

The House of Commons is the most powerful and important

element in UK. It is the real center of British political life. There

are three main functions, make laws; control and criticize the

executive government; control the raising and spending of

money . Every member of Parliament is elected by a constituency.

The people who gets most votes deserve to be elected. There are

650 members in Common house. There are known as members

of Congress.

5、上议院The House of Lords

It exercises the supreme judicial power. It is an important part

of Parliament. The Lords acts as a revising chamber for legislation

and its work complements the business of the Commons. It must

pass all financial legislation sent to it from the House of

Commons, and can delay other Bills for only one year. It has a

special judicial function. There are about 1160 members.

Members are mostly appointed by the Queen, a fixed number are

elected internally and a limited number of Church of England

archbishops and bishops sit in the House. Most of them are

hereditary peers of the realm. Some of them are non-hereditary

peers.

6、内阁The Cabinet

The British cabinet is the highest organ of State

Administration. The prime minister is the head of government,

the cabinet is the leading center of the government. The Cabinet

is composed of the chiefs of the most important ministries and

departments. It consists of The Minister of Defense, the Foreign

Secretary and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. It is appointed by

the Queen with the advice of the PM. The most senior members

of the Cabinet are the Deputy Prime Minister, Foreign Secretary,

Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary. There has

never been a set number for posts within the Cabinet. The most

common figure for a Cabinet is 22. They are called the Cabinet

Ministers.

二：解答题

1、英国教育体系British Education

The oldest schools in UK are Oxford and Cambridge. It has

comprehensive schools, grammar school ,public

comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools

in Britain today. They select its intake without considering their

students’ academic background. They provide a general

education that people can learn everything from academic

subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cook ing.

Actually private schools are called independent schools .they are

actually private schools. They are funded by a combination of

endowments, tuition fees and other non-governmental funding.

They are long established and have gained a high academic

standard as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. Boy’s

public schools include such schools as Eton and Harrow. Girl’s

famous public schools Roedean. Public schools are not part of

national educational system and are restricted to the students

whose parents are competitively rich.

2、Does it mean that the Queen is “a useless relic of a

bygone age” ? The queen represents the British Sovereign .It can

be seen as having two roles: Head of State, and 'Head of the

Nation'.

As Head of State, The Queen undertakes political duties

which have developed over one thousand years of history.

There are also inward duties: To appoint a new Prime

Minister; To summon, prorogue and dissolve Parliament; To sign

acts of Parliament,; To hold meetings with the Prime Minister. To

serve as the commander-in-chief of the Armed forces and the

Supreme governor the Church of England.

The Queen has long been regarded with considerable

respect and affection by her people! Most probably its real

importance lies in its effect on public attitudes.

“Although she has almost no power, she counts a lot just by

being there.”

She is above party politics, serving as a symbol of national

unity, & “lending dignity & significance to all things done in her

name”. So it is not a useless relic of a bygone age.

3、君主立宪制Constitutional Monarchy

It is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head

of state within the parameters of a written or unwritten

constitution. It is one in which the

Monarch respects the Constitution. In the Glorious

Revolution (1688),

William and Mary became the joint rulers of Britain, and the

constitutional

Monarchy began. The bill of Rights passed by the Parliament

in 1689 after

the Glorious Revolution. The bill marked the beginning of the

British

Constitutional Monarchy.

4、两大政党The Conservative Party the Labour Party

The Conservative Party is the major right-wing party in

Britain ;

It is supported by middle or up classes such as landowners,

businessmen and nobles; and represent the interests of the

monopoly bourgeoisie and aristocracies, support free enterprise

and opposed to nationalization and to extending social services ;

Beliefs:Government: central control, a strong legal system—

more police, school discipline;

Free-market: lower taxes;

Welfare provision: cleaner hospitals;

Nationalism: controlled immigration;

the Labour Party is the principal left party in England,

Scotland and Wales since the 1920s , and represent the interests

of the working class as against the interests of the employers, in

favor of nationalization as key industries;

Beliefs:Government: work together, nationally and

internationally; (more opportunity, more growth: trade deals,

help offered to poor countries, to stimulate domestic economy );

take action, not to let recession run its course ;

New measures: banking reforming, policing, crime reduction,

public services, etc.

Fairness: fair chances for all; fair rules;