2024年3月19日发(作者：bookstore)

古希腊文明

the Ancient Greek Civilization

古希腊（Greece）是西方文明的源头之一，古希腊文明持续了约650年（公元前800年

-公元前146年），是西方文明最重要和直接的渊源。

Ancient Greece is one of the sources of Western civilization. Ancient Greek civilization lasted

about 650 years (800-146 BC), which is the most important and direct source of Western

civilization.

西方有记载的文学、科技、艺术都是从古代希腊开始的。

The recorded literature, technology and art in the West all started from ancient Greece.

古希腊不是一个国家的概念，而是一个地区的称谓。古希腊位于欧洲的东南部、地中海

的东北部，包括希腊半岛、爱琴海和爱奥尼亚海上的群岛和岛屿、土耳其西南沿岸、意大利

东部和西西里岛东部沿岸地区。古希腊是指古代巴尔干半岛南部、爱琴海诸岛和小亚细亚沿

岸的总称。

Ancient Greece does not only refer to the country, but the whole region, which was located

in the southeast of Europe and the northeast of Mediterranean Sea, including Greek

peninsula,

archipelagos and islands in Aegean Sea and Ionian Sea, the southwest coast of Turkey,

the east coast of Italy and the east coast of Sicily. Ancient Greece refers to the southern Balkans,

Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor. The Aegean culture from 3000 BC to 2000 BC is the

forerunner of its history.

peninsula 英 [pəˈnɪnsjələ] 美 [pəˈnɪnsələ]

noun 半岛 an area of land that is almost surrounded by water but is joined to a larger piece of

land

the Iberian peninsula (= Spain and Portugal) 伊比利亚半岛

archipelago [ˌɑːkɪˈpeləɡəʊ]

noun 【不规则形式】 pl. -os or -oes群岛；列岛；群岛周围的海 a group of islands and the sea

surrounding them

Balkans [ˈbɔːlkənz]

noun [pl.] 巴尔干（位于欧洲东南部，包括萨瓦河和多瑙河以南诸国） a region of SE Europe,

including the countries to the south of the rivers Sava and Danube

【派生词】Balkan adj. the Balkan Peninsula 巴尔干半岛

公元前5~6世纪，特别是希波战争以后，古希腊地区的经济生活高度繁荣、科技高度发

达，产生了光辉灿烂的希腊文化，对后世产生深远影响。古希腊人在哲学、思想、诗歌、建

筑、科学、文学、戏剧、神话等诸多方面有很深的造诣。这一文明遗产在古希腊灭亡后，被

古罗马人延续下去，从而成为整个西方文明的精神源泉。

In the 5th to 6th century BC, especially after The Greco-Persian Wars, the economic life in

ancient Greece was highly prosperous and the science and technology was highly developed,

which produced the brilliant Greek culture and had a profound impact on the later generations.

希波战争：The Greco-Persian Wars or Persian Wars or Medic Wars were a series of conflicts

between several Greek city-states (城邦)and the Persian Empire that started about 500 B.C.E.

and lasted until 448 B.C.E.

希腊-波斯战争或称波斯战争或地中海战争是指几个希腊城邦（城邋）和波斯帝国之间

的一系列冲突，大约始于公元前500年，一直持续到公元前448年。

The expression "Persian Wars" usually refers to either or both of the two Persian invasions

of the Greek mainland in 490 B.C.E. and in 480-479 B.C.E.; in both cases, the allied Greeks

successfully defeated the invasions. Notably not all Greeks fought against the Persians; some

were neutral, and others were allied with Persia.

“波斯战争”一词通常指在公元前490年和公元前480-479年波斯对希腊大陆的两次入

侵中的一次或两次；在这两次入侵中，希腊盟军都成功地战胜了入侵。值得注意的是，并非

所有的希腊人都与波斯人作战；有些人是中立的，有些则与波斯人结盟。

What is known today of this conflict is derived primarily from Greek sources (mainly

Herodotus), and to a lesser extent some Roman writings. The Persians enter Greek history after

they conquered the Lydians and thus the Greek city-states of Ionia that were previously under

the Lydians.

今天我们对这场冲突的了解主要来源于希腊文献(主要是希罗多德)，也有少量罗马文献。

波斯人在征服了吕底亚人以及希腊城邦爱奥尼亚之后，进入了希腊的历史。

Herodotus n. （希腊的历史学家）希罗多德

Ionia n. 伊奥尼亚（小亚细亚海岸古地名）

When in 499 B.C.E. an attempt to help restore the aristocrats in Naxos failed, the Ionians

rebelled against the Persians. Token aid was sent from the Greek mainland which did not change

the final outcome of Persian victory. Mardonius campaigned in 492 B.C.E. in Thrace to

consolidate Persian power but was stopped by a storm.

公元前499年，一次帮助恢复纳克索斯贵族统治的尝试失败后，伊奥尼亚人开始反抗波

斯人。来自希腊大陆的象征性援助并没有改变波斯人胜利的最终结果。公元前492年，马尔

多尼乌斯在色雷斯发起了巩固波斯政权的运动，但被一场风暴所阻止。

An amphibious force under Datis and Artaphernes razed Eretria but was defeated in

Marathon a few days later by general Miltiades of Athens. Ten years later, in 480 B.C.E., after

massive preparation king Xerxes led a huge force to subjugate Greece. A small force under King

Leonidas of Sparta caused disproportionate casualties at the Battle of Thermopylae but was

defeated on the third day. Athens was sacked and razed by the orders of Xerxes but the Persian

fleet was defeated in the battle of Salamis.

一支由达蒂斯和阿特芬斯率领的两栖部队夷平了埃雷特里亚，但几天后在马拉松被雅典

的米提亚德将军击败。十年后，也就是公元前480年，经过大规模的准备，亚哈随鲁王率领

一支庞大的军队征服了希腊。斯巴达国王列奥尼达率领的一支小部队在温泉关战役中造成了

不成比例的伤亡，但第三天就被打败了。雅典在薛西斯的命令下被洗劫并夷为平地，但波斯

舰队在萨拉米斯战役中被击败。

1.简介

古希腊是指古代巴尔干半岛南部、爱琴海诸岛和小亚细亚沿岸的总称。公元前3000-前

2000年代的爱琴文化是其历史的先导。公元前12-前8世纪为荷马时代。公元前8-前4世纪

为古典时代。前338年后，古希腊沦于马其顿统治之下。前4世纪后半叶亚历山大东征后为

希腊化时代。前146年并入罗马版图。古希腊文化构成了古典文化的主要部分，古典时代尤

其是雅典的文学、艺术、历史学、哲学和科学均有百世留芳之作，对罗马、后世欧洲及世界

文化有极大影响。

Ancient Greece refers to the southern Balkans, Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor.

The Aegean culture from 3000 BC to 2000 BC is the forerunner of its history.

Balkans [ˈbɔːlkənz]

noun [pl.] 巴尔干（位于欧洲东南部，包括萨瓦河和多瑙河以南诸国） a region of SE Europe,

including the countries to the south of the rivers Sava and Danube

【派生词】Balkan adj. the Balkan Peninsula 巴尔干半岛