2024年4月26日发(作者：)

2015考研英语真题

Directions:

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each

numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10

points)

　　Though not biologically related, friends are as

“related”as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That

is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California

and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy

of Sciences, has__(2)_.

　　The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932

unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and

unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.

　　While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As

James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego,

says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but

somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our

kin.”

　　The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were

something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why

this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain,

for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar

environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many

mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing

genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of

being friends with_(14)_!

　　One of the remarkable findings of the study was the

similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes

Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace

in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a

major_(17)_factor.

　　The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to

befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the

researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a

population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that

all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same

population.

　　1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what

　　2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised

　　3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by

　　4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected

　　5. [A] tests [B] s [C]samples [D] examples

　　6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D]

incredible

　　7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know

　　8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass

　　9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus

　　10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps

　　11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like

　　12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit

　　13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D]

along with

　　14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits

　　15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier

　　16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express

　　17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D]

disruptive

　　18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency

　　19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic

　　20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell

　　Section II Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below

each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on

ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t

abdicate, they dare in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals

and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-

elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So,

does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its

last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all

European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic

lifestyle?

　　The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against

monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it

was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise

above “mere”politics and “embody”a spirit of national

unity.

　　It is this apparent transcendence of politics that

explains monarchs’continuing popularity polarized. And also,

the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested

region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican

City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in

the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because

they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-

controversial but respected public figure.

　　Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.

Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very

history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies

outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a

time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of

rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited

wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families

should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic

states.

　　The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide

their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-

jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so,

these are wealthy families who party with the international

1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to

maintain the right image.

　　While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough

to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who

have most to fear from the Spanish example.

　　It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s

reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny

style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an

expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of

the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have

largely survived because they provide a service – as non-

controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought

to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not

republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.

　　21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan

Carlos of Spain

　　[A] used turn enjoy high public support

　　[B] was unpopular among European royals

　　[C] cased his relationship with his rivals

　　[D]ended his reign in embarrassment

　　22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly

　　[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status

　　[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality

　　[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to

　　[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment

　　23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according

to Paragraph 4?

　　[A] Aristocrats’excessive reliance on inherited wealth

　　[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies

　　[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families

　　[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges

　　24. The British royals “have most to fear”because

Charles

　　[A] takes a rough line on political issues

　　[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised

　　[C] takes republicans as his potential allies

　　[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role

　　25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?

　　[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined

　　[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne

　　[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs

　　[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats

　　TEXT 2

　　Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital

data? The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can

search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the

phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

　　California has asked the justices to refrain from a

sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old

assumptions that authorities may search through the

possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is

hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications

of new and rapidly changing technologies.

　　The court would be recklessly modest if it followed

California’s advice. Enough of the implications are

discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should

provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

　　They should start by discarding California’s lame

argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast

storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going

through a suspect’s purse .The court has ruled that police

don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the

wallet or porcketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But

exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her

home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history

,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records

of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud

computing.” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the

easier.

　　But the justices should not swallow California’s argument

whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel

applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a

law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of

digital information in the 21st century with the establishment

of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th:

The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal

domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the

Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

　　26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an

arrest, it is legitimate to

　　[A] search for suspects’mobile phones without a warrant.

　　[B] check suspects’phone contents without being

authorized.

　　[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.

　　[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.

　　27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument

is one of

　　[A] tolerance.

　　[B] indifference.

　　[C] disapproval.

　　[D] cautiousness.

　　28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone

content is comparable to

　　[A] getting into one’s residence.

　　[B] handing one’s historical records.

　　[C] scanning one’s correspondences.

　　[D] going through one’s wallet.

　　29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern

that

　　[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.

　　[B] the court is giving police less room for action.

　　[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.

　　[D] citizens’privacy is not effective protected.

　　 Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

　　(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.

　　(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the

Constitution.

　　(C)California’s argument violates principles of the

Constitution.

　　(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.

　　Text 3

　　The journal Science is adding an extra round of

statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief

Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar

efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that

basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the

irreproducibility of many published research findings.

　　“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions

published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial.

Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal

has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing

editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional

scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its

existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer

reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external

statisticians to review these manus.

　　Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the

change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics

board’was motivated by concerns broadly with the application

of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is

part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility

in the research we publish.”

　　Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard

School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he

expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”He

agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the

establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to

have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through

the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a

larger group of publishing places that may want to model their

approach after Science.”

　　31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that

　　[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.

　　[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.

　　[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.

　　[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.

　　32、The phrase “flagged up ”(Para.2)is the closest in

meaning to

　　[A]found.

　　[B]revised.

　　[C]marked

　　[D]stored

　　33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of

the SBoRE may

　　[A]pose a threat to all its peers

　　[B]meet with strong opposition

　　[C]increase Science’s circulation.

　　[D]set an example for other journals

　　34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

　　A. adds to researchers’worklosd.

　　B. diminishes the role of reviewers.

　　C. has room for further improvement.

　　D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.

　　35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?

　　A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers

　　B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect

　　C. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’Desks

　　D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science

　　Text 4

　　Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth

,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many

of our institutions”Integrity had collapsed, she argued,

because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting

mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But

“it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society

we want ,not profit ”.

　　Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s

increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral

language within government, media or business could become one

of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.”This

same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as

News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that

it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal

telephone hacking .

　　As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-

editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring

to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks,

innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of

integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have

hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an

industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the

man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point

person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story

still unfolds.

　　In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not

only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms

on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing

revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on

in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact

that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of

her successful defence was that she knew nothing.

　　In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid

executives should not be accountable for what happens in the

organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so

surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been

that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The

words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility,

shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation,

sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded

to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance,

proportionality and accountability.

　　The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to

promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or

to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the

quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not

have had suspicions about how her journalists got their

stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor

received traceable, recorded answers.

　　36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was

upset by

　　[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism

　　[B] companies’financial loss due to immoral practices.

　　[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.

　　[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.

　　37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that

　　[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime

　　[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.

　　[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.

　　[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.

　　38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference

　　[A] revealed a cunning personality

　　[B] centered on trivial issues

　　[C] was hardly convincing

　　[D] was part of a conspiracy

　　39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine

shows

　　[A] generally distorted values

　　[B] unfair wealth distribution

　　[C] a marginalized lifestyle

　　[D] a rigid moral cote

　　40. Which of the following is suggested in the last

paragraph?

　　[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.

　　[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.

　　[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.

　　[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.

　　Part B

　　Directions

　　In the following text, some sentences have been removed.

For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the

list A-G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two

extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks .Mark

your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to

comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for

individual words and working out relationships between them

drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.

(41)________You begin to infer a context for the text, for

instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event

is involved. Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and

where.

　　The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds

of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not

just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in

inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel

the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with

specific evidence and clues.(42)_________

　　Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow

exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is

not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or "true" meaning that

can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless

relation of text to the world.(43)_________

　　Such background material inevitably reflects who we are.

(44)_______

　　This doesn`t, however, make interpretation merely relative

or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different

historical periods, places and social experiences produce

different but overlapping readings of the same words on the

page--including for texts that engage with fundamental human

concerns--debates about texts can play an important role in

social discussion of beliefs and values.

　　How we read a given text also depends to some extent on

our particular interest in reading it,(45)________Such

dimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in

the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often

unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesn`t then

necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more

advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different

minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful

reference points for and counterbalances to one another.

Together, they make up the reading component of your overall

literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual

environment.

　　[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a

way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading

it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of

reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably

from reading in a seminar room.

　　[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are

reading ,our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will

encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same

time obscure or even close off others.

　　[C] If you unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at

their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the

assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a

mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links

between them.

　　[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings

or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might

have had: These might be the ones the author intended.

　　[E] You make further inferences that form the basis of a

personal response for which the author will inevitably be far

less responsible.

　　Section III Translation

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the

underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be

written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and

early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the

great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to

America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse

motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its

nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted

continent.

　　47) The United States is the product of two principal

forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied

ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of

a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity,

colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the

Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen,

Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others

who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the

new world.

　　48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to

America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one

another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world

ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These

changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the

result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled

European society in many ways, had a character that was

distinctly American.

　　49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the

territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic

more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century

explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving

Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West

Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America

came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their

six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough

food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms,

many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived

the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their

course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.

　　“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore

brought almost inexpressible relief.”said one recorder of

events, “The air at twelve leagues’distance smelt as sweet

as a new-blown garden.”The colonists’first glimpse of the

new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest

with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real

treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to

Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw

material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and

naval stores.

　　Section IV Writing

　　Part A

　　51. Directions:

　　You are going to host a club reading session. Write an

email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club

members.

　　You should state reasons for your recommendation.

　　You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li

Ming instead.

　　Do not write the address. (10 points)

　　Part B

　　52. Directions:

　　Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following

drawing. In your essay you should

　　1) describe the drawing briefly

　　2) explain its intended meaning, and

　　3) give your comments

　　You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)

一.Close test

　　1、What

　　2、Concluded

　　3、On

　　4、Compared

　　5、Samples

　　6、Insignificant

　　7、Know

　　8、Resemble

　　9、Also

　　10、Perhaps

　　11、To

　　12、Drive

　　13、Ratherthan

　　14、Benefits

　　15、Faster

　　16、understand

　　17、Contributory

　　18、Tendency

　　19、Ethnic

　　20、see

　　II Reading comprehension

　　Part A

　　Text 1

　　21. C ended his regin in embarrassment

　　22. A owing to their undoubted and respectable status

　　23. C the role of the nobility in modern democracy

　　24. D fails to adapt himsself to his future role

　　25. B Carlos, a lesson for all European Monarchies

　　Text 2

　　26. B check suspect's phone contents without being

authorized.

　　27.C disapproval

　　28.A getting into one's residence

　　29. D citizens' privacy is not effectively protected

　　30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the

constitution

　　Text 3

　　31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks

　　32.C marked

　　33. D set an example for other journals

　　34. C has room for further improvement

　　35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papers

　　Text 4

　　36. A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism

　　37. B more journalists may be found guilty of phone

hacking

　　38. C was hardly convincing

　　39. A generally distorted values

　　40. C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper

　　Part B

　　41.C if you

　　42.E you make

　　43.D Rather ,we ascribe

　　44.B factors

　　45.A are we studying that ...

　　Part C

　　46)在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个

国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。

　　47)美国是两种主要力量的产物——即思想习俗、民族特色各异的

欧洲移民和修改这些特征的新国家的影响的产物。

　　48)但由于美国特有的地理条件,不同民族的相互作用,以及维护原

始老式方式的纯粹困难,新大陆引起了重大变化。

　　49)在15—16世纪北美探索的一百多年之后，运往该领土—即当今

的美国—的第一船移民横渡了大西洋。

　　50)拥有丰富多样树种的原始森林是一个真正的宝库，它从缅因州

一直延伸到乔治亚州。

　　III Writing

　　Part A

　　Dear Members,

　　i am writing this letter to recommend you a fantastic

book, Pride and Prejudice, that I have already read several

times as I am planning to organize a club reading session.

　　The primary factors for my recommendation are as follows.

For one thing, this book is very moving. It tells a wonderful

love story between an arrogant man and a prejudiced lady. For

another, it also features brilliant language of English,

thanks to the talented author, Jane Austen.

　　I sincerely hope that you will love the book and look

forward to discussing more with you later.

　　Sincerely yours,

　　Li Ming

　　Part B

　　Here is a picture, interesting but with deep implication.

As is vividly depicted in the photo, four persons are having

dinner, which successfully captures our eyes. If we give it a

closer watch, it is not difficult to find that they all focus

on their phone and do not have communicate. Obviously, what

the drawing has subtly conveyed should be given more concern.

　　What might account for this problem? Theoretically,

several reasons may trigger the problem conveyed in the

picture, but for my part, the following two are of utmost

importance. On the top of the list is that people are

dependent too much on their mobile to communicate and ignore

the face-to-face communication. There is the other point that

no one can ignore. It is widely admitted that the young men

have been get used to this kind of “invisible

communication”, which may make them feel safe. On other case

can better illustrate what I have analyzed than the picture

above.

　　According to the analysis above, it is advisable for us to

take steps to reverse this evil trend. Of all the steps, to

appeal to the media may be the most effective one, which can

lead to the public to treat mobile phones in a reasonable way.

Only in this way can we resolve this problem and embrace a

bright future.