2024年4月26日发(作者：)

大学跨文化英语教材答案

Unit 1: Introduction to Cross-Cultural Communication

Section A: Understanding Culture

1. What is culture?

Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and

artifacts that characterize a group or society. It includes both material and

non-material aspects.

2. How does culture influence communication?

Culture influences communication by shaping the way we perceive,

interpret, and express verbal and nonverbal messages. It also affects our

attitudes towards time, space, relationships, and social norms.

Section B: Cultural Dimensions

1. Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

Hofstede identified five cultural dimensions that can help us understand

cultural differences:

- Power Distance: The extent to which a society accepts unequal

distribution of power.

- Individualism vs. Collectivism: The focus on individual goals vs. group

harmony and interdependence.

- Masculinity vs. Femininity: The emphasis on assertiveness,

competition, and material success vs. cooperation and quality of life.

- Uncertainty Avoidance: The extent to which a society tolerates

ambiguity, uncertainty, and risk.

- Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation: The focus on future rewards

and persistence vs. tradition and immediate gratification.

2. Trompenaars' Cultural Dimensions

Trompenaars proposed seven cultural dimensions that complement

Hofstede's model:

- Universalism vs. Particularism: The emphasis on rules and standards vs.

flexibility and relationships.

- Individualism vs. Communitarianism: The importance of personal

interests vs. collective welfare.

- Neutral vs. Emotional: The display of emotions in social interactions.

- Specific vs. Diffuse: The separation of personal and professional life vs.

overlapping roles.

- Achievement vs. Ascription: The emphasis on individual achievements

vs. social status.

- Sequential vs. Synchronic: The perception of time as linear and

structured vs. flexible and fluid.

- Internal vs. External Control: The belief in personal control over events

vs. fate and destiny.

Unit 2: Verbal Communication across Cultures

Section A: Language and Meaning

1. Language and Culture

Language reflects cultural values, beliefs, and worldview. It includes not

only words but also grammar, sentence structure, and idiomatic expressions.

To communicate effectively across cultures, it is important to remember that

words may have different meanings or interpretations.

2. High-context vs. Low-context Cultures

In high-context cultures, such as China and Japan, meaning is often

embedded in the context and nonverbal cues. In contrast, low-context

cultures, like the United States and Germany, rely more on explicit verbal

communication.

Section B: Pragmatics and Speech Acts

1. Speech Acts

Speech acts refer to utterances that perform actions, such as making

requests, giving compliments, or offering apologies. However, the

appropriateness and interpretation of speech acts vary across cultures due to

differences in politeness norms, directness, and indirectness.

2. Politeness Strategies

Politeness strategies aim to maintain social harmony and avoid face-

threatening acts. They can be categorized into positive politeness, which

emphasizes friendliness and solidarity, and negative politeness, which

focuses on respect and deference.

Unit 3: Nonverbal Communication and Culture

Section A: Nonverbal Codes

1. Body Language

Body language includes gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and

posture. These nonverbal cues can convey different meanings and emotions

across cultures. For example, a thumbs-up gesture may be positive in the

United States, but offensive in some Middle Eastern countries.

2. Proxemics

Proxemics refers to the use of space in communication. Different

cultures have different preferences for personal space, which can range from

intimate distance to public distance. Violating these norms can lead to

discomfort or misinterpretation.

Section B: Nonverbal Communication Styles

1. Display Rules

Display rules refer to cultural norms that dictate the appropriateness and

intensity of displaying emotions. Some cultures encourage emotional

expressiveness, while others value emotional restraint or suppression.

2. Chronemics

Chronemics is the study of how time is perceived and used in different

cultures. It includes attitudes towards punctuality, the pace of speech, and

the organization of daily activities. Understanding these differences is

crucial for effective cross-cultural communication.

Note: The above content is a sample outline for a 1000-word article on

the answers to cross-cultural English textbook questions. It is important to

further develop and expand each section to meet the desired word count.