2024年3月16日发(作者：)

2020年英语（二）考研真题及参考答案

Section I Use of English

Directions：

Read the following the best word(s)for each

numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

Being a good parents is of course, what every parent would like to be. But

defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly

very_____(1),particularly since children respond differently to the same style of

parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of

parenting than_____(2), a younger sibling.

_____(3),There's another sort of parent that s a bit easier to_____(4)a patient

parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, _____(5)every

parent would like to be patient, this is no easy _____(6).

Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a

_____(7) and composed style with their kids. I understand this.

You're only human, and sometimes your kids can _____(8) you just a little too

far. And then the _____(9)happens: You lose your patience and either scream at

your kids or say something that was a bit too_____(10) and does nobody any good.

You wish that you could _____(11) the clock and start over, we've all been there.

_____(12), even though it's common, it's important to keep in mind that in a

single moment of fatigue. you can say something to your child that you may

_____(13)for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with.

your child but also _____(14)your child's self-esteem.

If you consistently lose your _____(15)with your kids. then you are inadvertently

modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming

increasingly aware of the _____(16)of modeling tolerance and patience for the

younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the

ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when _____(17)by

stress is one of the most important of all life's skills.

Certainly, it's incredibly _____(18)to maintain patience at all times with your

children. A more practical goal is to try to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant

and composed as you can when faced with _____(19)situations involving your

children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal. you and

your children will benefit and _____(20)from stressful moments feeling better

physically and emotionally.

1. A tedious B pleasant C instructive D tricky

2. A in addition B for example C at once D by accident

3. A fortunately B occasionally C accordingly D eventually

4. A amuse B assist C describe D train

5. A while B because C unless D once

6. A answer B task C choice D access

7. A tolerant B formal C rigid D critical

8. A move B drag C push D send

9. A mysterious B illogical C suspicious D inevitable

10. A boring B naive C harsh D vague

11. A turn back B take apart C set aside D cover up

12. A overall B instead C however D otherwise

13. A like B miss C believe D regret

14. A raise B affect C justify D reflect

15. A time B bond C race D cool

16. A nature B secret C importance D context

17. A cheated B defeated C confused D confronted

18. A terrible B hard C strange D wrong

19. A trying B changing C exciting D surprising

20. A hide B emerge C withdraw D escape

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each

text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40

points)

Text 1

Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others

so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if

this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San

Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals form

robotic rats.

They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat- one social and one

asocial for 5 our days. The robots rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier

version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.

During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around,

played with the same toys, and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape.

Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to

side

Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the

opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.

Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to

set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived

the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the

social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing.

This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting

the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.

The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its

minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a

simple plastic box on wheels.“We' d assumed we' d have to give it a moving head

and tail, facial features, and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat, but

that wasn’t necessary, ”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in

Australia, who helped with the research.

The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come

from basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow

beings, even when they display only simple social signals.“ We humans seem to

be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too,”says Wiles.

21. Quin and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can________

[A] pick up social signals from non-living rats

[B] distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one

[C] attain sociable traits through special training

[D] send out warning messages to their fellow

22. What did the social robot do during the experiment?

[A] It followed the social robot.

[B] It played with some toys.

[C] It set the trapped rats free.

[D] It moved around alone.

23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social

they________

robot because

[A] tried to practice a means of escape

[B] expected it to do the same in return

[C] wanted to display their intelligence

[D] considered that an interesting game

24. James Wiles notes that rats________

[A] can remember other rat's facial features

[B] differentiate smells better than sizes

[C] respond more to cations than to looks

[D] can be scared by a plastic box on wheels

25. It can be learned from the text that rats________

[A] appear to be adaptable to new surroundings

[B] are more socially active than other animals

[C] behave differently from children in socializing

[D] are more sensitive to social cues than expected

Text 2

It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top ones may make 300 times the pay of

typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s CEO pay for large publicly

traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%

The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about S18.9 million a

year.

The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited

CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing

rapidly. The efforts of America's highest-earning 1% have been one of the more

dynamic elements of the global economy. It's not popular to say, but one reason

their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative

to many other workers in the U.S. economy.

Today's CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many mere skills

than simply being able to“run the company" CEOs must have a good sense of

financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them. They

also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even

a minor slipup can be significant. Then there' s the fact that large American

companies are much more globalized than ever before,with supply chains spread

across a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge

that is farly mind-boggling plus, virtually all major American companies are

beyond this major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always

done.

The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off

doesn't explain history very well. By most measures, corporate governmance has

become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during

this period of stronger govemnance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That

suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for

increasingly tough jobs.”

Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to

the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of

depredation at the expense of the rest of the company. And the stock market

reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that

those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.

26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?

[A] The growth in the number of corporations

[B] The general pay rise with a better economy

[C] Increased business opportunities for top firms

[D] Close cooperation among leading economies

27. Compared with their predecessors, today's CEOs are required to______

[A] foster a stronger sense of teamwork

[B] finance more research and development

[C] establish closer ties with tech companies

[D] operate more globalized companies

28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite______

[A] continual internal opposition

[B] strict corporate governance

[C] conservative business strategies

[D] Repeated government warnings

29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps______

[A] confirm the status of CEOs

[B] motivate inside candidates

[C] boost the efficiency of CEOs

[D] increase corporate value

30. The most suitable title for this text would be______

[A] CEOs Are Not Overpaid

[B] CEO Pay: Past and Present

[C] CEOs' challenges of Today

[D] CEO Traits: Not Easy to Define

Text 3

Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out

ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election

day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air

zone, a first step toward its possible demise.

Mayor Jose Luis Martinez -Almeida made opposition to the zone a

centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A

judge has now overruled the city 's decision to stop levying fines, ordering them

reinstated. But with legal battles ahead, the zone's future looks uncertain at best.

Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle

dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That s

because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers一

who must pay fees or buy better vehicles 一rather than on to the car

manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.

It's not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new

ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issue in next year's mayoral

election. And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular

roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far

larger number of motorists who will then be affected.

It's not that measures such as London's Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local

officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents'

health in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to

air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits - fewer heart

attacks, strokes and premature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer

untimely deaths.

But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far

bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments

一Britain s and others across Europe - have failed to do so.

Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas - city centres, 。

school streets", even individual roads - are a response to the absence of a larger

effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to

bring their vehicles into compliance. Wales has introduced special low speed limits

to minimise pollution. We re doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean

up their cars.

31. Which of the following is true about Madrid's clean air zone?

[A] Its effects are questionable

[B] It has been opposed by a judge

[C] It needs tougher enforcement

[D] Its fate is yet to be decided

32. Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle

dirty air?

[A] They are biased against car manufacturers.

[B] They prove impractical for city councils.

[C] They are deemed too mild for politicians.

[D] They put too much burden on individual motorists.