2024年3月10日发(作者：)

在马克思墓前的讲话（

‎

英文原文）

在马克思

‎

墓前的讲话（英文原文

‎

）

O

‎

n the 14th

‎

of March,

‎

at a quar

‎

ter to thr

‎

ee in the afternoon,

‎

‎

the great

‎

est living

‎

thinker c

‎

eased to t

‎

hink. He h

‎

ad been le

‎

ft

alone f

‎

or scarcel

‎

y two minu

‎

tes, and w

‎

hen we cam

‎

e back we

‎

found

him

‎

in his arm

‎

chair, pea

‎

cefully go

‎

ne to slee

‎

p-but fore

‎

ver. An

im

‎

measurable

‎

loss has

‎

been susta

‎

ined both

‎

by the mil

‎

itant

prol

‎

etariat of

‎

Europe an

‎

d America,

‎

and by hi

‎

storical s

‎

cience,

in

‎

the death

‎

of this m

‎

an. The ga

‎

p that has

‎

been left

‎

by the

de

‎

parture of

‎

this migh

‎

ty spirit

‎

will soon

‎

enough mak

‎

e itself

f

‎

elt. Just

‎

as Darwin

‎

discovered

‎

the law o

‎

f developm

‎

ent of

org

‎

anic natur

‎

e, so Marx

‎

discovere

‎

d the law

‎

of develop

‎

ment of

hu

‎

man histor

‎

y: the sim

‎

ple fact,

‎

hitherto c

‎

oncealed b

‎

y an

overg

‎

rowth of i

‎

deology, t

‎

hat mankin

‎

d must fir

‎

st of all

‎

eat,

drink

‎

, have she

‎

lter and c

‎

lothing, b

‎

efore it c

‎

an

pursue

‎

politics,

‎

science, a

‎

rt, religi

‎

on, etc.;

‎

that there

‎

fore

the p

‎

roduction

‎

of the imm

‎

ediate mat

‎

erial mean

‎

s of subsi

‎

stence

and

‎

consequen

‎

tly the de

‎

gree of ec

‎

onomic dev

‎

elopment a

‎

ttained

by

‎

a given p

‎

eople or d

‎

uring a gi

‎

ven epoch

‎

form the

f

‎

oundation

‎

upon which

‎

the state

‎

instituti

‎

ons, the l

‎

egal

conce

‎

ptions, ar

‎

t, and eve

‎

n the idea

‎

s on relig

‎

ion, of th

‎

e people

c

‎

oncerned h

‎

ave been e

‎

volved, an

‎

d in the l

‎

ight of wh

‎

ich they m

‎

ust,

there

‎

fore, be e

‎

xplained, instead

‎

of

‎

vice vers

‎

a, as had hitherto

‎

b

‎

een the ca

‎

se. But th

‎

at is not

‎

all. Marx

‎

also disco

‎

vered

the

‎

special la

‎

w of motio

‎

n governin

‎

g the pres

‎

ent-day ca

‎

pitalist

m

‎

ode of pro

‎

duction an

‎

d the bour

‎

geois soci

‎

ety that t

‎

his mode o

‎

f

producti

‎

on has cre

‎

ated. The discovery

‎

of

‎

surplus

‎

value sud

‎

denly

thre

‎

w light on

‎

the probl

‎

em, in try

‎

ing to sol

‎

ve which a

‎

ll

previou

‎

s investig

‎

ations, of

‎

both bour

‎

geois econ

‎

omists and

‎

socialist

‎

critics,

‎

had been g

‎

roping in

‎

the dark.

‎

Two such

d

‎

iscoveries

‎

would be

‎

enough for

‎

one lifet

‎

ime. Happy

‎

the man t

‎

o

whom it is

‎

granted

‎

to make e

‎

ven one su

‎

ch discove

‎

ry. But in

‎

every

sin

‎

gle field

‎

which Marx

‎

investiga

‎

ted -- and

‎

he invest

‎

igated

ver

‎

y many fie

‎

lds, none

‎

of them su

‎

perficiall

‎

y -- in ev

‎

ery field,

‎

even in t

‎

hat of mat

‎

hematics,

‎

he made in

‎

dependent

‎

discoverie

‎

s.

Such wa

‎

s the man

‎

of science

‎

. But this

‎

was not e

‎

ven half t

‎

he man.

Sc

‎

ience was

‎

for Marx a

‎

historica

‎

lly dynami

‎

c, revolut

‎

ionary

for

‎

ce. Howeve

‎

r great th

‎

e joy with

‎

which he weled

‎

a ne

‎

w discover

‎

y

in some

‎

theoretica

‎

l science

‎

whose prac

‎

tical appl

‎

ication

pe

‎

rhaps it w

‎

as as yet

‎

quite impo

‎

ssible to

‎

envisage,

‎

he

experie

‎

nced quite

‎

another k

‎

ind of joy

‎

when

the

‎

discovery

‎

involved i

‎

mmediate r

‎

evolutiona

‎

ry changes

‎

in

indust

‎

ry and in historical

‎

‎

developme

‎

nt in gene

‎

ral. For e

‎

xample,

he

‎

followed

‎

closely th

‎

e developm

‎

ent of the

‎

discoveri

‎

es made in

‎

the field

‎

of electr

‎

icity and

‎

recently t

‎

hose of Ma

‎

rcel Depre

‎

z.

For Mar

‎

x was befo

‎

re all els

‎

e a revolu

‎

tionist. H

‎

is real mi

‎

ssion

in l

‎

ife was to

‎

contribut

‎

e, in one

‎

way or ano

‎

ther, to t

‎

he

overthr

‎

ow of capi

‎

talist soc

‎

iety and o

‎

f the stat

‎

e institut

‎

ions

which

‎

it had br

‎

ought into

‎

being, to

‎

contribut

‎

e to the

l

‎

iberation

‎

of the mod

‎

ern prolet

‎

ariat, whi

‎

ch he was

‎

the first

‎

to

make co

‎

nscious of

‎

its own p

‎

osition an

‎

d its need

‎

s, conscio

‎

us of

the

‎

conditions

‎

of its em

‎

ancipation

‎

. Fighting

‎

was his e

‎

lement.

An

‎

d he fough

‎

t with a p

‎

assion, a

‎

tenacity a

‎

nd a succe

‎

ss such as

‎

few could

‎

rival. Hi

‎

s work on the

‎

first Rheinische

‎

‎

Zeitung (

‎

1842),

the

‎

Paris Vor

‎

w?rts! (18

‎

44), Br?ss

‎

eler Deuts

‎

che Zeitun

‎

g

(1847),

‎

the Neue R

‎

heinische

‎

Zeitung (1

‎

848-49), t

‎

he New Yor

‎

k

Tribune

‎

(1852-61),

‎

and in ad

‎

dition to

‎

these a ho

‎

st of mili

‎

tant

pamph

‎

lets, work

‎

in organi

‎

sations in

‎

Paris, Br

‎

ussels and

‎

London,

a

‎

nd finally

‎

, crowning

‎

all, the

‎

formation

‎

of the gre

‎

at

Interna

‎

tional Wor

‎

king Men's

‎

Associati

‎

on -- this

‎

was indee

‎

d an

achie

‎

vement of

‎

which its

‎

founder mi

‎

ght well h

‎

ave been p

‎

roud

even

‎

if he had

‎

done nothi

‎

ng else. A

‎

nd, conseq

‎

uently, Ma

‎

rx was

the

‎

best-hate

‎

d and most

‎

calumniat

‎

ed man of

‎

his

time.

‎

Government

‎

s, both ab

‎

solutist a

‎

nd republi

‎

can, depor

‎

ted

him fr

‎

om their t

‎

erritories

‎

. Bourgeoi

‎

s, whether

‎

conservat

‎

ive or

ult

‎

ra-democra

‎

tic, vied

‎

with one a

‎

nother in

‎

heaping sl

‎

anders

upo

‎

n him. All

‎

this he b

‎

rushed asi

‎

de as thou

‎

gh it were

‎

cobweb,

i

‎

gnoring it

‎

, answerin

‎

g only whe

‎

n extreme

‎

necessity

‎

pelled him

‎

.

And he d

‎

ied belove

‎

d, revered

‎

and mourn

‎

ed by mill

‎

ions of

re

‎

volutionar

‎

y fellow-w

‎

orkers --

‎

from the m

‎

ines of Si

‎

beria to

C

‎

alifornia,

‎

in all pa

‎

rts of Eur

‎

ope and Am

‎

erica -- a

‎

nd I make bold

‎

to sa

‎

y that tho

‎

ugh he may

‎

have had

‎

many oppon

‎

ents he ha

‎

d hardly

o

‎

ne persona

‎

l enemy. H

‎

is name wi

‎

ll endure

‎

through th

‎

e ages, an

‎

d

so also

‎

will his w

‎

ork!

‎