2024年4月10日发(作者：oneplus 6)

化学专业英语词汇表

本文介绍了化学专业需要用到的英语词汇，包括基础的化学术语、常用的化学分支、常用的化学实验和常用的化学反应。文章

采用表格形式列出了中文和英文对照的词汇，并给出了一些例句和注释，以便于理解和记忆。文章的目的是帮助化学专业的学

生和研究者提高英语水平，更好地阅读和撰写化学相关的文献和报告。

一、基础化学术语

中文

化学

元素

原子

原子

核

质子

中子

电子

原子

数

质量

数

同位

素

原子

量

分子

分子

式

结构

式

离子

阳离

子

阴离

子

英文

chemistry

element

atom

nucleus

proton

neutron

electron

例句或注释

Chemistry is the science of matter and its transformations. 化学是研究物质及其变化的科

学。

An element is a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by

chemical means. 元素是一种不能通过化学手段分解为更简单物质的物质。

An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that

element. 原子是元素的最小单位，保持了该元素的化学性质。

The nucleus is the central part of an atom, containing protons and neutrons. 原子核是原

子的中心部分，包含了质子和中子。

A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle, found in the nucleus of an atom. 质子

是一种带正电的亚原子粒子，存在于原子核中。

A neutron is a neutrally charged subatomic particle, found in the nucleus of an atom. 中

子是一种不带电的亚原子粒子，存在于原子核中。

An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle, found outside the nucleus of an

atom. 电子是一种带负电的亚原子粒子，存在于原子核外。

The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which

atomic numberdetermines the identity of the element. 原子数是原子核中质子的数量，决定了元素的身

份。

The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom, which

determines the mass of the atom. 质量数是原子核中质子和中子的总和，决定了原子的质

量。

An isotope is an atom of the same element that has a different number of neutrons, and

isotopetherefore a different mass number. 同位素是同一元素的不同原子，它们具有不同数量的

中子，因此具有不同的质量数。

The atomic mass is the average mass of all the isotopes of an element, weighted by their

natural abundance. 原子量是一个元素所有同位素的平均质量，按照它们在自然界中的丰

度加权计算。

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. 分子是由

两个或多个原子通过化学键连接在一起的组合。

The molecular formula is a notation that shows the type and number of atoms in a

molecule. 分子式是一种表示分子中原子种类和数量的符号。

The structural formula is a notation that shows how the atoms in a molecule are arranged

and bonded. 结构式是一种表示分子中原子排列和键合方式的符号。

An ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has a net electric charge, due to the loss or

gain of electrons. 离子是一种原子或原子团，由于失去或获得电子而具有净电荷。

A cation is a positively charged ion, due to the loss of electrons. 阳离子是一种带正电的离

子，由于失去电子而形成。

An anion is a negatively charged ion, due to the gain of electrons. 阴离子是一种带负电的

离子，由于获得电子而形成。

mass number

atomic mass (or atomic

weight)

molecule

molecular formula

structural formula

ion

cation

anion

中文

离子

化合

物

化合

物

混合

物

纯净

物

同质

混合

物

异质

混合

物

溶液

英文

ionic compound

例句或注释

An ionic compound is a compound composed of cations and anions, held together by

electrostatic attraction. 离子化合物是由阳离子和阴离子组成的化合物，通过静电吸引力连

接在一起。

A compound is a substance composed of two or more different elements, chemically

compoundcombined in a fixed ratio. 化合物是由两种或多种不同元素按照固定比例化学结合而成的物

质。

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances, physically mixed but not

chemically combined. 混合物是由两种或多种物质物理混合而不是化学结合而成的组合。

A pure substance is a substance that has a constant composition and fixed properties,

either an element or a compound. 纯净物是一种具有恒定成分和固定性质的物质，可以是

元素或化合物。

mixture

pure substance

homogeneous mixture

A homogeneous mixture is a mixture that has a uniform composition and appearance

throughout. 同质混合物是一种具有均匀成分和外观的混合物。

heterogeneous mixture

A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture that has a non-uniform composition and

appearance throughout. 异质混合物是一种具有不均匀成分和外观的混合物。

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, usually consisting of a

solution

solvent and one or more solutes. 溶液是由两种或多种物质组成的同质混合物，通常包含

一个溶剂和一个或多个溶质。

A solvent is the substance that dissolves another substance in a solution, usually present

in the largest amount. 溶剂是在溶液中溶解另一种物质的物质，通常占最大比例。

A solute is the substance that is dissolved by another substance in a solution, usually

present in the smallest amount. 溶质是在溶液中被另一种物质溶解的物质，通常占最小比

例。

溶剂solvent

溶质solute

浓度

摩尔

浓度

质量

百分

比浓

度

分数

浓度

摩尔

分数

饱和

溶液

不饱

和溶

液

过饱

和溶

液

concentration

molarity (or molar

concentration)

mass percent

concentration (or mass

percentage)

The concentration is the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent or

solution. 浓度是在一定量的溶剂或溶液中溶解的溶质的量。

The molarity is the concentration expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of

solution. 摩尔浓度是以每升溶液中溶质的摩尔数表示的浓度。

The mass percent concentration is the concentration expressed as the mass of solute

per 100 mass units of solution. 质量百分比浓度是以每100个质量单位的溶液中溶质的质

量表示的浓度。

The fraction concentration is the concentration expressed as the ratio of the amount of

solute to the total amount of solution. 分数浓度是以溶质的量与溶液总量的比值表示的浓

度。

The mole fraction is the fraction concentration expressed as the number of moles of

solute per mole of solution. 摩尔分数是以每摩尔溶液中溶质的摩尔数表示的分数浓度。

A saturated solution is a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can

be dissolved at a given temperature and pressure. 饱和溶液是一种含有在一定温度和压

力下能够溶解的最大量溶质的溶液。

An unsaturated solution is a solution that contains less than the maximum amount of

fraction concentration

(or fraction)

mole fraction

saturated solution

unsaturated solutionsolute that can be dissolved at a given temperature and pressure. 不饱和溶液是一种含有

在一定温度和压力下能够溶解的最大量溶质以下的溶质的溶液。

A supersaturated solution is a solution that contains more than the maximum amount of

solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature and pressure, usually prepared by

cooling a saturated solution. 过饱和溶液是一种含有在一定温度和压力下能够溶解的最大

量溶质以上的溶质的溶液，通常通过冷却饱和溶液制备。

supersaturated

solution

中文

溶解

度

溶解

度曲

线

溶解

度积

英文

solubility

例句或注释

The solubility is the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent

or solution at a given temperature and pressure. 溶解度是在一定温度和压力下能够在一

定量的溶剂或溶液中溶解的溶质的量。

The solubility curve is a graph that shows the relationship between the solubility of a

solubility curvesolute and the temperature of the solution. 溶解度曲线是一种图形，显示了溶质的溶解度

与溶液温度之间的关系。

The solubility product is the product of the concentrations of the ions in a saturated

solution, raised to the power of their coefficients in the balanced equation. 溶解度积是饱

和溶液中离子浓度的乘积，乘以它们在平衡方程式中的系数作为指数。

A phase is a physically distinct and homogeneous part of a system, separated from other

parts by definite boundaries. 相是系统中物理上不同且均匀的部分，由明确的边界与其他

部分分开。

A phase change is a change from one state of matter to another, such as solid, liquid, or

gas. 相变是从一种物态变为另一种物态的变化，例如固体、液体或气体。

Melting is a phase change from solid to liquid, caused by heating. 熔化是由加热引起的从

固体到液体的相变。

Freezing is a phase change from liquid to solid, caused by cooling. 凝固是由冷却引起的

从液体到固体的相变。

Evaporation is a phase change from liquid to gas, occurring at the surface of the liquid

and below its boiling point. 蒸发是从液体到气体的相变，发生在液体表面并低于其沸点。

Boiling is a phase change from liquid to gas, occurring throughout the liquid and at its

boiling point. 沸腾是从液体到气体的相变，发生在液体内部并在其沸点。

Condensation is a phase change from gas to liquid, caused by cooling. 凝华是由冷却引

起的从气体到液体的相变。

Sublimation is a phase change from solid to gas, without passing through the liquid state.

升华是从固体到气体的相变，不经过液态。

Deposition is a phase change from gas to solid, without passing through the liquid state.

凝固是从气体到固体的相变，不经过液态。

Hydration is a process in which water molecules are attached to another substance, such

as an ion or a molecule. 水合是一种水分子与另一种物质，如离子或分子，结合的过程。

Dehydration is a process in which water molecules are removed from another substance,

such as an ion or a molecule. 脱水是一种水分子从另一种物质，如离子或分子，分离的过

程。

solubility product (or

solubility product

constant)

phase

phase change (or

phase transition)

melting (or fusion)

freezing (or

solidification)

evaporation (or

vaporization)

boiling (or ebullition)

condensation

sublimation

deposition

hydration

相

相变

熔化

凝固

蒸发

沸腾

凝华

升华

凝固

水合

脱水dehydration

二、常用化学分支英文名称

中

文

无

机

化

学

有

机

化

学

物

理

英文例句或注释

Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the properties and reactions

inorganic chemistryof elements and compounds that do not contain carbon. 无机化学是研究不含碳的元素和化

合物的性质和反应的化学分支。

Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the properties and reactions of

organic chemistrycarbon-containing compounds, especially those derived from living organisms. 有机化学是

研究含碳化合物的性质和反应的化学分支，特别是那些来源于生物的化合物。

Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that applies the principles and methods of

physics to study the structure and behavior of chemical systems. 物理化学是运用物理原理

physical chemistry

中

文

化

学

分

析

化

学

生

物

化

学

环

境

化

学

材

料

化

学

纳

米

化

学

英文例句或注释

和方法研究化学系统的结构和行为的化学分支。

analytical chemistry

Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that focuses on the identification, separation,

and quantification of the components of matter. 分析化学是专注于物质组成的鉴定、分离和

定量的化学分支。

Biochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the chemical processes and

interactions in living organisms. 生物化学是研究生物体内的化学过程和相互作用的化学分

支。

Environmental chemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the sources, effects, and

fate of chemical substances in the natural environment. 环境化学是研究自然环境中化学物

质的来源、影响和归宿的化学分支。

Materials chemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the synthesis, structure,

properties, and applications of materials, such as metals, ceramics, polymers, composites,

etc. 材料化学是研究材料的合成、结构、性能和应用的化学分支，如金属、陶瓷、聚合物、

复合材料等。

Nanotechnology is the branch of science that studies and manipulates matter at the

nanometer scale, where new phenomena and properties emerge. 纳米技术是研究和操纵纳

米尺度物质的科学分支，在这个尺度上出现了新的现象和性质。

biochemistry (or

biological chemistry)

environmental

chemistry

materials chemistry

nanotechnology (or

nanoscience)

三、常用化学实验英文名称

中

文

英文例句或注释

Titration is a laboratory technique that uses a solution of known concentration (titrant) to determine

滴

定

titration

the concentration of an unknown solution (analyte) by measuring the volume of titrant required to

reach a neutralization point (equivalence point). 滴定是一种实验室技术，它使用一种已知浓度的溶

液（滴定剂）来测定一种未知浓度的溶液（待测液）的浓度，通过测量达到中和点（等价点）所需

的滴定剂体积。

Chromatography is a separation technique that uses the different affinities of the components of a

mixture to a stationary phase (such as a solid or a liquid) and a mobile phase (such as a liquid or a

gas) that moves through the stationary phase. 色谱是一种分离技术，它利用混合物的组分对固定相

（如固体或液体）和移动相（如液体或气体）的不同亲和力，使移动相通过固定相。

Spectroscopy is an analytical technique that uses the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with

matter to identify the structure, composition, and properties of matter. 光谱是一种分析技术，它利用

电磁辐射与物质的相互作用来鉴定物质的结构、成分和性质。

Electrolysis is a process that uses an electric current to drive a non-spontaneous chemical

electrolysisreaction, such as the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen. 电解是一种利用电流驱动

非自发化学反应的过程，例如水分解为氢气和氧气。

Precipitation is a process that forms a solid from a solution, usually due to the formation of an

insoluble compound or complex. 沉淀是一种从溶液中形成固体的过程，通常由于不溶性化合物或络

合物的形成。

Distillation is a separation technique that uses the different boiling points of the components of a

distillationmixture to vaporize and condense them in different containers. 蒸馏是一种分离技术，它利用混合

物的组分的不同沸点，将它们蒸发和凝结在不同的容器中。

色

谱

chromatography

光

谱

电

解

沉

淀

蒸

馏

spectroscopy

precipitation

中

文

结

晶

抽

提

英文

crystallization

例句或注释

Crystallization is a process that forms solid crystals from a solution, usually by cooling or

evaporating the solvent. 结晶是一种从溶液中形成固体晶体的过程，通常通过冷却或蒸发溶剂。

Extraction is a separation technique that uses the different solubilities of the components of a

extraction

mixture in two immiscible solvents, such as water and organic solvent, to transfer them from one

phase to another. 抽提是一种分离技术，它利用混合物的组分在两种不互溶的溶剂中，如水和有机

溶剂，的不同溶解度，将它们从一个相转移到另一个相。

四、常用化学反应英文名称

中文

合成

反应

分解

反应

英文

synthesis reaction (or

combination reaction)

例句或注释

A synthesis reaction is a chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to

form a single product. 合成反应是一种化学反应，其中两种或多种物质结合形成一个产

物。

A decomposition reaction is a chemical reaction in which a single compound breaks

down into two or more simpler substances. 分解反应是一种化学反应，其中一个化合物

分解为两种或多种更简单的物质。

A displacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which an element replaces another

置换

反应

双置

换反

应

氧化

还原

反应

酸碱

反应

沉淀

反应

复分

解反

应

displacement reaction

(or substitution reaction)

element in a compound, or a group of atoms replaces another group of atoms in a

molecule. 置换反应是一种化学反应，其中一个元素替换了化合物中的另一个元素，或者

一个原子团替换了分子中的另一个原子团。

double displacement

reaction (or metathesis

reaction)

redox reaction (or

oxidation-reduction

reaction)

acid-base reaction (or

neutralization reaction)

A double displacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which two compounds

exchange their ions or groups of atoms, forming two new compounds. 双置换反应是一

种化学反应，其中两种化合物交换它们的离子或原子团，形成两种新的化合物。

A redox reaction is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the atoms

involved change, due to the transfer of electrons between them. 氧化还原反应是一种化

学反应，其中参与的原子的氧化态发生变化，由于它们之间的电子转移。

An acid-base reaction is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react to form a

salt and water. 酸碱反应是一种化学反应，其中酸和碱反应形成盐和水。

A precipitation reaction is a chemical reaction in which an insoluble solid (precipitate)

precipitation reactionforms from the reaction of two soluble substances. 沉淀反应是一种化学反应，其中由两

种可溶物质的反应形成一种不溶性固体（沉淀物）。

A complex decomposition reaction is a chemical reaction in which a complex ion breaks

down into its constituent ions or molecules. 复分解反应是一种化学反应，其中一个复杂

离子分解为其组成的离子或分子。

decomposition reaction

(or analysis reaction)

complex decomposition

reaction