2024年3月10日发(作者：)

名词与可数名词单复数

一、分类：可数名词和不可数名词

1、可数名词：一个一个数得出来的,有复数形式

apple --- two apples bus ---two buses chair --- two chairs box --- two

boxes

2、不可数名词：无法一个个数出来的,无复数形式

1 多数物质名词无法分割,数不出

water ice air paper纸张 milk glass玻璃

2 多数抽象名词虚无缥缈,数不出

love friendship友谊 fun乐趣 luck music health健康

3 太多太细数不清

sand salt hair grass草 rice snow

4 总称类名词表全体,无法数

food食物 waste垃圾 furniture家具 poetry诗歌

3、多数名词既作可数又作不可数

apple

作可数：I want to eat an apple.

作不可数：I want to eat apple.

cake

作可数：a cake 一个整个蛋糕

作不可数：a piece of cake 一块蛋糕

例子：I want to buy a cake. 我想买一个蛋糕;可数

I want to eat cake. 不可数

I want to eat a piece of cake. 不可数

4、有些不可数名词在特定情况下有复数形式

water--- waters水体 wind --- winds一阵一阵的风

sand --- sands沙滩 tea --- two teas两份茶水

5、可数名词通常不单独使用,需在前面加限定词冠词、代词、数词、量词等或用复

数形式,省略冠词除外

There are five students in the classroom.加数词

There are a lot of students in the classroom.加量词

A horse is very useful.

This horse is very useful.

Horses are very useful.

Horse is very useful. ╳

二、可数名词的复数读音

1、大于一即算复数,如 one and a half hours 一个半小时

2、元音字母有五个：a、e、i、o、u

3、元音字母中,u不一定都发元音音标开头

uncle发元音音标开头

usually发辅音音标开头

university同上

4、y虽为辅音字母,放词尾常发元音

baby sky

5、名词复数的读音：清音后读/s/,元音或浊音后读/z/,“嘶”/s/、/z/、//、

//、/t /、/d/音后读/iz/

books / bks/读清音 brothers /'bre z/ 读浊音

beds /bedz/读浊音 oranges / 'rndiz /“嘶”音后,读/ iz /

三、规则变化

1、一般直接加-s

book --- books table --- tables orange --- oranges

2、辅音加y结尾的词,把y改成i再加-es

baby --- babies city --- cities

lady --- ladies sky --- skies

注：元音加y结尾的词,直接加-s

boys days

为什么要把y先改成i再加-es

原因：

1 y是半元音,即有时发辅音,有时发元音,若不变i会被误认为发辅音

year发辅音 yellow发辅音

baby发元音 city发元音

babys被误以为y发辅音

citys被误以为y发辅音

2 如果不变成i会违反英语拼写规则

英语拼写规则：辅音字母写在一起不能超过三个,如school,spring,street

skys四个辅音字母写在一起

3、以发“嘶”音的字母s、x、sh、ch结尾的词,加-es,读成/iz/

bus --- buses box --- boxes brush --- brushes watch --- watches

注：stomach因为ch不发“嘶”故直接加-s,即 stomachs

为什么要加-es

1 为了让听者能辨别是单数还是复数

boxs听不出是复数 boxes一听就知道是复数

watchs听不出是复数 watches一听就知道是复数

2 为了拼写上不被误认为是双写s或违反拼写规则

boss --- bossesbosss违反拼写规则,同一个字母最多连写两个,如apple

bus若加-s,变成buss,会被误以为buss是一个单词

buses一看就是bus的复数

4、辅音字母加o结尾,多数加-es,少数特别是外来词和缩略词加-s

加-es： tomatoes potatoes heroes

加-s：pianos外来词,来自意大利语

photosphotograph的缩写

注：元音加o结尾的,直接加-s

zoos radios

5、f或fe结尾的词,多把f或fe改成v再加-es特别是发长音的,少数直接加-s多

为发短音,极个别有两种形式

加-es：knife --- knives wife --- wives

wolf --- wolves leaf --- leaves

加-s：roofs屋顶 proofs证据

两种形式均可：handkerchiefs/ handkerchieves手帕

为什么要把f或fe变v再加-es

原因：方便发音,以免断气

knifes读完没气了 knives读完肚子还有气

6、不规则变化

1有man的单词,把man变men

man --- men woman --- women注意读音

policeman --- policemen Englishman --- Englishmen

注：German不属于词类,故直接加-s,即Germans

2oo变ee鹅用牙齿咬你脚

goose --- geese鹅

tooth --- teeth牙齿

foot --- feet脚

3公牛孩子和老鼠,复数最特殊

ox --- oxen公牛

child --- children 孩子

mouse --- mice 老鼠

4单复数同形

sheep绵羊 fish鱼 deer鹿

-ese结尾的表某国人的名词：Chinese,Japanese,Vietnamese越南人

3、有些名词常以复数形式出现多为由两部分组成的名词

glasses眼镜两块镜片 trousers裤子两个裤筒

pajamas睡衣连衣带裤

四不可数名词

1、要表数量时需加量词,表“几个”含义,量词需变复数

water

a bottle of water two cups of water

bread

a piece of bread two pieces of bread

paper

a piece of paper two pieces of paper

2、仅仅表示一些,可some、much、a lot of修饰不可用many

some water一些水 much water 一些水 a lot of water很多水

3、有时不可数名词也可以变复数,表“多份”、“很多”

two beers两份啤酒

two coffees 两份咖啡

waters各种各样的水

名词单复数练习：把下列名词变成复数

coat _______ skirt _______ house _______ car ________ brush _______ box

_________

toy _______ umbrella _________ ticket ________ class _________ classroom

_______ teacher _________ son ___________ student _______ job _________

orange_________

class __________ monkey __________ piano _________ child ___________

country _________ family ___________ toy ____________ foot ___________

Japanese ___________ radio ____________photo ____________ tomato

____________

fox ___________ woman _____________knife ___________ sheep_____________

二、一般现在时

注：英语的时间要通过谓语动词体现出来形合句特点,中文则不用意合句

中文：我昨天去学校;

我今天去学校;

我明天去学校;

英语：I went to school yesterday.

I go to school today.

I will go to school tomorrow.

1、作用：表示一般性、经常性、习惯性动作或状态,偶尔表将来

I get up early every day.

She is my English teacher.

2、构成：

1be动词：am、are、is

am用于第一人单数：即I

I am a student. = I’m student.

I’m not a student.

are用于第二人称及所有复数：即you,we,they

You are late. = You’re late.

We are students. = We’re students.

They are not here. = They’re not here.

is用于第三人称单数：即he,she,it

He is a student.

She is a worker.

It is my book.

2其他动词：动词原形按字典的写法

We go to the park every week.

注：has用于第三人称单数,have第三人称单数以外的情况

He has a new bike.

We have a new school.

3第三人称单数：需在动词后加s同名词变复数的方法

He goes to the theatre every week.

She does morning exercise every day.

John plays the piano every night.

3、常用时间状语表习惯性

always总是、often经常、usually通常、every morning/day/week每天早上/每天

/每周、sometimes有时、from time to time时不时、twice a week一周两次、

seldom

很少、never从不

4、一般现在时的具体应用：习惯真理和瞬间,书评将来也可用

1表习惯、经常性的事

He gets up at 7:00 every morning.

2表示真理性、客观性的事

Light goes faster than sound. 光比声音传播得快;

The moon moves round the earth. 月亮绕着地球转;

Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量;

3表瞬间发生的事

Tom passes the ball to John. John shoots. What a goal

汤姆传球给约翰;约翰射门;球进了

4用写书评、读后感

I finished reading a book yesterday. It is about a little princess. Her mother

dies when she is young.

5表示安排好的将来一定发生的事详见一般将来时专题

Now it’s 8:00. The train leaves at 10:00.

The final exam is in next week.

一般现在是练习：用所给词的正确形式填空

1. We often___________play on the playground.

2. He _________get up at six o’clock.

3. __________you _________brush your teeth every morning.

4. What_________ do he usually _____do after school

5. Danny ________study English, Chinese, Maths, Science and Art at school.

6. Mike sometimes __________go to the park with his sister.

7. At eight at night, she ________watch TV with his parents.

8. ________ Mike________read English every day

9. How many lessons _________ your classmate__________have on Monday

10. What time ________his mother_________do the housework