2024年5月9日发(作者：python基础教程)

Pragmatics

whether each of the following statements is True or False.

Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.

It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language

use was left unconsidered.

What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning

the context of use is considered.

The meaning of an utterance is decontextualized， therefore stable.

Utterances always take the form of complete sentences

Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.

Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.

Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.

FTTFFFTF

in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given.

What essentially distinguishes s__emantics_____ and pragmatics is whether in the study of

meaning the context of use is considered.

The notion of c___ontext______ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.

If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication， it

becomes an u_tterance__________.

A l_ocutionary________ act is the act of uttering words， phrases， clauses. It is the act of

conveying literal meaning by means of syntax， lexicon and phonology.

An i__llocutionary________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention； it is the act

performed in saying something.

There are four maxims under the cooperative principle： the maxim of q_uantity______， the

maxim of quality， the maxim of r_elation____ and the maxim of manner.

are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best

complete the statement.

______A___ does not study meaning in isolation， but in context.

PraAgmatics Semantics B

SenCse relation Concept D

The meaning of language was considered as something ____C___ in traditional semantics.

contextual behavioristic

ntrinsic ogical

What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning

_______D__ is considered.

reference speech act

practical usage context

_______C___ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something； it is the

consequence of， or the change brought about by the utterance.

A locutionary act An illocutionary act

A perlocutionary act A performative act

________A__ is advanced by Paul Grice

Cooperative Principle Politeness Principle

The General Principle Adjacency Principle of

versal Grammar

When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted， ______D_ might arise.

mpoliteness contradictions

mutual understanding conversational implicatures

V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for

illustration if necessary.

are semantics and pragmatics different from each other？

does a sentence differ from an utterance？

does a sentence meaning differ from an utterance meaning？

s in detail the locutionary act， illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.

classified illocutionary act into five categories. Discuss each of them in detail with

examples.

are the four maxims under the cooperative principle？

does the flouting of the maxims give rise to conversational implicatures？

are semantics and pragmatics different from each other？

Traditional semantics studied meaning， but the meaning of language was considered as

something intrinsic， and inherent， i.e. a property attached to language itself. Therefore，

meanings of words， meanings of sentences were all studied in an isolated manner， detached

from the context in which they were used. Pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation， but

in context. The essential distinction between semantics and pragmatics is whether the context

of use is considered in the study of meaning. If it is not considered， the study is restricted to

the area of traditional semantics； if it is considered， the study is being carried out in the

area of pragmatics.

does a sentence differ from an utterance？

A sentence is a grammatical concept. It usually consists of a subject and predicate. An

utterance is the unit of communication. It is the smallest linguistic unit that has a

communicative value. If we regard a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of

communication， it becomes an utterance. Whether “Mary is beautiful.” is a sentence or an

utterance depends on how we look at it. If we regard it as a grammatical unit or a

self-contained unit in isolation， then it is a sentence. If we look at it as something uttered in

a certain situation with a certain purpose， then it is an utterance. Most utterances take the

form of complete sentences， but some utterances are not， and some cannot even be restored

to complete sentences.

does a sentence meaning differ from an utterance meaning？

A sentence meaning is often considered as the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in

terms of a predication. It is abstract and independent of context. The meaning of an utterance

is concrete， and context-dependent. The utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning；

it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication， or

simply in a context. For example， “There is a dog at the door”. The speaker could utter it as

a matter-of-fact statement， telling the hearer that the dog is at the door. The speaker could

use it as a warning， asking the hearer not to approach the door. There are other possibilities，

too. So， the understanding of the utterance meaning of “There is a dog at the door” depends

on the context in which it is uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it.

s in detail the locutionary act， illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.

A locutionary act is the act of uttering words， phrases， clauses. It is the act of

conveying literal meaning by means of syntax， lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act

is the act of expressing the speaker's intention； it is the act performed in saying something. A

perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something； it is the

consequence of， or the change brought about by the utterance； it is the act performed by

saying something. For example：

You have left the door wide open.

The locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words "you，"

"have，" "door，" "left，" "open，" etc. and expressed what the word literally mean.

The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance， he

has expressed his intention of asking the hearer to close the door.

classified illocutionary act into five categories. Discuss each of them in detail with

examples.

The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If the hearer understands that the

speaker intends him to close the door and closes the door， the speaker has successfully

brought about the change in the real world he has intended to； then the perlocutionary act is

successfully performed.

are the four maxims under the cooperative principle？

1. The maxim of quantity

1. Make your contribution as informative as required （for the current purpose of the

exchange）.

2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.

2. The maxim of quality

1. Do not say what you believe to be false.

2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

3. The maxim of relation

Be relevant.

.4. The maxim of manner

1. Avoid obscurity of expression.

2. Avoid ambiguity.

3. Be brief （avoid unnecessary prolixity）.

4. Be orderly.

does the flouting of the maxims give rise to conversational implicatures？

A： Do you know where Mr. Smith lives？

B： Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city.

This is said when both A and B know that B does know Mr. Smith' s address. Thus B

does not give enough information that is required， and he has flouted the maxim of quantity.

Therefore， such conversational implicature as "I do not wish to tell you where Mr. Smith

lives" is produced.

A： Would you like to come to our party tonight？

B： I'm afraid I' m not feeling so well today.

This is said when both A and B know that B is not having any health problem that will

prevent him from going to a party. Thus B is saying something that he himself knows to be

false and he is violating the maxim of quality. The conversational implicature "I do not want

to go to your party tonight" is then produced.

A： The hostess is an awful bore. Don't you think？

B： The roses in the garden are beautiful， aren't they？

This is said when both A and B know that it is entirely possible for B to make a

comment on the hostess. Thus B is saying something irrelevant to what A has just said， and

he has flouted the maxim of relation. The conversational implicature "I don't wish to talk

about the hostess in such a rude manner" is produced.

A： Shall we get something for the kids？

B： Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.

This is said when both A and B know that B has no difficulty in pronouncing the word

"ice-cream." Thus B has flouted the maxim of manner. The conversational implicature "I

don’t want the kids to know we are talking about ice-cream" is then produced.