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1995 Passage 4

Personality is to a large extent inherent — A-type parents usually bring about A-

type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if

competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the

lives of their children.

One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its

very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the "win at all

costs" moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The

current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the

clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way

better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous

consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped

dead seconds after saying: "Rejoice, we conquer!"

By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis

on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things

they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable,

but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.

Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into

B's. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's

personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.

If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time

might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring

professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry

and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake

to choose our doctors exclusively from A- type stock. B's are important and should

be encouraged.

63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.

[A] impatient

[B] considerate

[C] aggressive

[D] agreeable

64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools

because ________.

[A] the pressure is too great on the students

[B] some students are bound to fail

[C] failure rates are too high

[D] the results of examinations are doubtful

65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.

[A] candidates' sensitivity

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[B] academic achievements

[C] competitive spirit

[D] surer values

66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.

[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth

[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics

[C] the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors

[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive society

性格在很大程度上是先天形成的——A型性格的父母会有A型性格的子女。但环境也

一定对其有深刻的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要的话，那它也可能成为孩子生活

中的一个重要因素。

让孩子吸收A型性格的一个地方是学校。学校，就其本质而言，是高度竞争的机构。

很多学校采用“不惜一切代价获取成功”的道德标准并通过炫耀成绩来估量孩子们是否成

功。目前热衷于让孩子与同学竞争或与时间赛跑造成了一种双重体制，在这种体制中，竞

争性的A型学生在某些方面似乎比B型的学生要好。过分地热衷于获胜会产生危险的后

果：记住，第一位跑马拉松的费迪皮迪兹在说完“欢呼吧，我们赢了”之后几秒便倒地而

死。

学校里最糟糕的竞争形式就是不恰当的强调考试。很少有学校允许学生集中精力做他

们能做好的事。以考试竞争这种做法的好处本身有点值得怀疑，而明知有人考试会通不过

的情况下还要进行竞争，则肯定是有害的。

显然，要将所有A型孩子变成B型孩子既不现实也不可取。这个世界需要各种性格的

人，一个重要职责是使孩子的性格适合将来可能从事的工作。这才是最好的管理理念。

如果学校对学业的强调减少一些，也许就有更多的时间教孩子更重要的价值观念。也

许对护理职业——特别是医疗护理人员——的选择应少注重化学成绩而多关注他们是否敏

感、是否有同情心。只从A型性格的人员中挑选医生的确是个错误。B型性格的人非常重

要，应该受到鼓励。

难句解析：

①But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is

important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.

▲本句的主干是... the environment must also have a profound effect。后面的since

引导一个原因状语从句，而这个从句又是一个if引导的条件主从复合句。

△注意profound的词义为“意义深远的”。另外要看到最后一个逗号后面的it所指代

的是competition。

②One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very

nature, a highly competitive institution.

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▲本句的主干是 is school，这个简单句的主语和谓语都有一个定语从句

修饰，前面的是限定性的，而后面的是非限定性的，并且在其里面还有一个插入成分by

its very nature。

△可以先抓主干，然后再分析那两个定语从句，另外注意soak up的意思是“吸收，

摄取”，其实即使我们不是很清楚这个词组的意思，只要我们抓住soak的基本意思“浸

泡，浸湿，浸透”，词组的意思也能猜出来。

③The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or

against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in

some way better than their B-type fellows.

▲本句的主干是The produces a two-layer system，passion后面的

介词for的宾语比较复杂，是一个make sb. do sth.的结构，而主句的宾语a two-layer

system后面有一个非限定性的定语从句。

△可以先抓主干，然后再分析其它成分，另外在理解的时候也要有一定的想象力，比

如compete against the clock不能从字面上理解为“和钟表竞争”，而应该理解成“与时

间竞争/和时间赛跑”。

④The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but

competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.

▲本句由两个子句构成，中间有一个but表示意思的转折。

△要正确理解本句，重点在于抓住单词的正确意思。questionable可疑的，值得疑问

的；而后面的knowledge如果理解成“知识”那么这句话就怎么也看不懂了，在这里它的

意思应该是“知道，知晓”，因此in the knowledge of应被理解为“在了解……的情况

下”。

⑤Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made

less by grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.

▲本句的主干是... could be made and 。两个逗号隔

开的是对于caring professions的进一步具体说明。

△注意在阅读的时候抓住 的结构，同时注意more后面的可能要更

加重要一些。

试题解析：

63. [C]意为：攻击性的，好斗的。文章第一、二、三段都提到：A型性格的人在竞争

的环境中成长，形成了他们的性格特征。第二段第三句直接用competitive（争强好胜的，

爱竞争的）一词描述A型性格的人。

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