2024年3月30日发(作者：硬盘坏道修复有用吗)

President of the United States

The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United

States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-

in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.

Article II of the U.S. Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president

and charges him with the execution of federal law, alongside the responsibility of appointing

federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers, and concluding treaties with

foreign powers, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The president is further empowered to

grant federal pardons and reprieves, and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress

under extraordinary circumstances.

[3]

Since the founding of the United States, the power of the

president and the federal government have grown substantially

[4]

and each modern president,

despite possessing no formal legislative powers beyond signing or vetoing congressionally passed

bills, is largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of his party and the foreign and

domestic policy of the United States.

[5]

The president is frequently described as the most powerful

person in the world.

[6][7][8][9][10][11]

The president is indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a four-year term,

and is one of only two nationally elected federal officers, the other being the Vice President of the

United States.

[12]

The Twenty-second Amendment, adopted in 1951, prohibits anyone from ever

being elected to the presidency for a third full term. It also prohibits a person from being elected to

the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as President, or Acting

President, for more than two years of another person's term as President. In all, 43 individuals

have served 55 four-year terms.

[13]

On January 20, 2009, Barack Obama became the forty-fourth

and current president.

Origin

In 1783, the Treaty of Paris left the United States independent and at peace, but with an unsettled

governmental structure. The Second Continental Congress had drawn up the Articles of

Confederation in 1777, describing a permanent confederation, but granting to the Congress of the

Confederation—the only federal institution created—little power to finance itself or to ensure that

its resolutions were enforced. In part, this reflected the anti-monarchy view of the Revolutionary

period; the new American system was explicitly designed to prevent the rise of an American

tyrant.

By the end of the Revolutionary War, the Continental dollar had depreciated to the point of

worthlessness. The viability of the federal government was threatened by political unrest in

several states, efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts, and the inability

of Congress to raise revenue to pay off the public debts incurred during the war. The Congress

also appeared unable to become a forum for productive cooperation among the States encouraging

commerce and economic development. In response, the Philadelphia Convention was convened,

ostensibly to devise amendments to the Articles of Confederation, but which instead began to draft

a new system of government that would include greater executive power while retaining the

checks and balances thought to be essential restraints on any imperial tendency in the office of the

president.

Powers and duties

Article I legislative role

Article II executive powers

War and foreign affairs powers

Individuals who presided over the Continental Congress during the Revolutionary period and

under the Articles of Confederation had the title "President of the United States in Congress

Assembled", often shortened to "President of the United States". However, the office had little

distinct executive power. With the 1788 ratification of the Constitution, a separate executive

branch was created, headed by the "President of the United States". This new Chief Executive role

no longer bore the duties of presiding over Congress in a supervisory role, but the title "President"

was carried over nevertheless. This title was a major understatement of the actual role empowered

to the office by the Constitution, and this choice of words can be seen as a deliberate effort by the

Founding Fathers to prevent the head of state position from evolving toward becoming a

monarchical position, with the accompanying potential for abuse of such power.

A president's executive authority under the Constitution, tempered by the checks and balances of

the judicial and legislative branches of the federal government, was designed to solve several

political problems faced by the young nation and to anticipate future challenges, while still

preventing the rise of an autocrat.

The first power conferred upon the president by the U.S. Constitution is the legislative power of

the presidential veto. The Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented

to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president

has three options:

the legislation; the bill then becomes law.

the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections; the bill does not

become law, unless each house of Congress votes to override the veto by a two-thirds

vote.

no action. In this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation.

After 10 days, not counting Sundays, two possible outcomes emerge:

o

If Congress is still convened, the bill becomes law.

o

If Congress has adjourned, thus preventing the return of the legislation, the bill

does not become law. This latter outcome is known as the pocket veto.

In 1996, Congress attempted to enhance the president's veto power with the Line Item Veto Act.

The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously

striking certain spending items within the bill, particularly any new spending, any amount of

discretionary spending, or any new limited tax benefit. Once a president had stricken the item,

Congress could pass that particular item again. If the president then vetoed the new legislation,

Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means, a two-thirds vote in both houses. In

Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled such a legislative

alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional.

Perhaps the most important of all presidential powers is command of the United States armed

forces as commander-in-chief. While the power to declare war is constitutionally vested in

Congress, the president commands and directs the military and is responsible for planning military