2024年4月6日发(作者：)

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英语思辨连线题汇总

•Claim: When a belief (judgment, opinion) is asserted in a declarative

sentence, the result is a claim, statement, or assertion.

•Objective claim vs. subjective claim: An objective claim is true or false

regardless of whether people think it is true or false. Claims that lack this property

are said to be subjective.

•“Fact vs. opinion”: People sometimes refer to true objective claims as

“facts,” and use the word “opinion” to designate any claim that is subjective.

•“Factual claim”: An objective claim. Saying that a claim is “factual” is not

the same as saying it is true. A factual claim is simply a claim whose truth does not

depend on our thinking it is true.

•Moral subjectivism: Moral subjectivism is the idea that moral judgments are

subjective. “There is nothing either good or bad but that thinking makes it so.”

•Issue: A question.

•Argument: An argument consists of two parts—one part of which (the

premise or premises) is intended to provide a reason for accepting the other part

(the conclusion).

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•“Argument”: People sometimes use this word to refer just to an argument's

premise.

•Arguments and issues: The conclusion of an argument states a position on

the issue under consideration.

•Cognitive bias: A feature of human psychology that skews belief formation.

The ones discussed in this chapter include the following:

◇Belief bias: Evaluating reasoning by how believable its conclusion is.

◇Confirmation bias: A tendency to attach more weight to considerations that

support our views.

◇Availability heuristic: Assigning a probability to an event based on how

easily or frequently it is thought of.

◇False consensus effect: Assuming our opinions and those held by people

around us are shared by society at large.

◇Bandwagon effect: The tendency to align our beliefs with those of other

people.

◇Negativity bias: Attaching more weight to negative information than to

positive information.