2024年3月10日发(作者：)

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark

A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight

fluctuations. 1 , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2.

As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy

and physically active to focusing3on the scale. That was had to my overall fitness goats. I had

gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of4the number on the scale, I altered

my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.

I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6of the hard work and

progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant

changes in your weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in

skill level, strength and inches lost.

For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing

schedule10. Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to11my weight each week.

Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That

tells me whether I need to13 my training program.

I use my bimonthly weigh-in14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training

intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to

increase my daily caloric intake.

The 17to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and

well-being. I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of

a 18morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness

goals, 19 I’m training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.

Rather than20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel how your clothes fit and your

overall energy level.

1.[A]Besides [B]Therefore [C]Otherwise [D]However

2.[A]helps [B]cares [C]warns [D]reduces

3.[A]initially [B]solely [C]occasionally [D]formally

4.[A]recording [B] lowering [C]explaining [D]accepting

5.[A]modify [B]set [C]review [D]reach

6.[A]definition [B]depiction [C]distribution [D]prediction

7.[A]due to [B]regardless of [C]aside from [D]along with

8.[A]orderly [B]rigid [C]precise [D]immediate

9.[A]claims [B]judgments [C]reasons [D]methods

10.[A]instead [B]though [C]again [D]indeed

11.[A]track [B]overlook [C] conceal [D]report

12.[A]depend on [B]approve of [C]hold onto [D]account for

13.[A]share [B]adjust [C]confirm [D] prepare

14.[A]results [B]features [C]rules [D]tests

15.[A]bored [B]anxious [C]hungry [D]sick

16.[A]principle [B]secret [C]belief [D]sign

17.[A]request [B]necessity [C]decision [D]wish

18.[A]disappointing [B]surprising [C]restricting [D]consuming

19.[A]if because [B]unless [C]until [D]consuming

20. [A]obsessing [B]dominating [C]puzzling [D]triumphing

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,

C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in

conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing

how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and

friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt,

in the right amount, to be a good thing.

In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s

the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is

outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt

can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that

this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be

advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may

have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.

And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to

make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative

species together. It is a kind of social glue.

Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the

University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a

number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different

pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that

shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High

sympathy can substitute for low guilt.

In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the

children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency

to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins,

and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how

much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones

shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s

deprivation.

“That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel

regret.”

chers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help______.

A)regulate a child's basic emotions

B)improve a child's intellectual ability

C)foster a child’s moral development

D)intensity a child's positive feelings

ing to paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be______.

A)deceptive

B)burdensome

C)addictive

D) deception

23. Vaish hold that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that______.

A)emotions are context-independent

B)emotions are socially constructive

C)emotional stability can benefit health

D)an emotion can play opposing roles

24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______.

A. may help correct emotional deficiencies

B. can result from either sympathy or guilt

C. can bring about emotional satisfaction

D. may be the outcome of impulsive acts

25. The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to _______.

A. teachings

B. discussions

C. restrictions

D. wrongdoings

Text 2

Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the larder callenges in the fight against climate change.

Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce,

we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day

leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.

Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap-but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests

flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to

absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring

out the details.

The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear

brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining

trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the

forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects.

The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fine, fewer trees are

consumed.

The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have

killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned

hundreds of thousands of acres.

California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030- financed from

the proceeds of the state’s emissions- permit auctions. That’s only a small share of the total

acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at

greatest risk of fire or drought.

The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is

locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run

on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.

State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they’ve focused on

wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the

vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California’s plan, which is expected to be

finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.

26. By saying “one of the harder challenges,” the author implies that _______.

A. global climate change may get out of control

B. people may misunderstand global warming

C. extreme weather conditions may arise

D. forests may become a potential threat

27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,” we may need to _______.

A. preserve the diversity of species in them

B. accelerate the growth of young trees

C. strike a balance among different plants

D. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity

28. California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to _______.

A. cultivate more drought-resistant trees

B. reduce the density of some of its forests

C. find more effective ways to kill insects

D. restore its forests quickly after wildfires

29. What is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph 5?

handle the areas in serious danger first.

carry it out before the year of 2020.

perfect the emissions-permit auctions.

obtain enough financial support.

30. The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as _______.

A. ambiguous

B. tolerant

C. supportive

D. cautious

Text 3

American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are

unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.

Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers

that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this

doesn’t change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.

Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter

the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers,

while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and

more likely to be married than single. They’re also aging. At the start of this century, about

one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is

hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s

been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.

Mechanization isn’t the answer, either—not yer, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice,

soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive corps,

such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking,

have a long way to go before they’re automated.

As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa

to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from

2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.

The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is

limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need.

The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic

delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is

compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others

underground.

In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry

growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving

operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was

imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.

In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.

31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?

A. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.

B. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.

C. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.

D. Decline of job opportunities U.S. agriculture.

32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is .

A. the rising number of illegal immigrants

B. the high mobility of crop workers

C. the lack of experienced laborers

D. the aging of immigrant farm workers

is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?

A. To attract younger laborers to farm work.

B. To get native U.S. workers back to farming.

C. To use more robots to grow high-value crops.

D. To strengthen financial support for farmers.

34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its .

A. slow granting procedures

B. limit on duration of stay

C. tightened requirements

D. control of annual admissions

35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?

A. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?

B. Import Food or Labor?

C. America Saved by Mexico?

D. Manpower vs. Automation?

Text 4

Amold Schwarzenegger. Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you. It’s easy to beat

plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment

Day—encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and

cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.

The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for

governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is

directed at individuals.

My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be

achieved. One their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for

example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental,

satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more

effective actions—a kind of “moral licensing” that allays our concerns and stops us doing more

and asking more of those in charge.

While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains

centered on shopping hags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that

as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “ citizens” hole our governments and

industries to account to push for real systemic change.

It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-or even most

people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad

Environmental Things. Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best

way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be

structural.

This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally

problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will

“eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of

making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash

disposal.

DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual

actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing

widespread behavior.

None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We

don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in

polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.

36. Some celebrities star in a new video to

A. demand new laws on the use of plastics

B. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics

C. invite public opinion on the plastics crisis

D. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis

author is concerned that “moral licensing” may

A. mislead us into doing worthless things

B. prevent us from making further efforts

C. weaken our sense of accomplishment

D. suppress our desire for success

38. By pointing out out identity “citizens”, the author indicates that

A. our focus should be shifted to community welfare

B. our relationship with local industries is improving