2024年3月3日发(作者：)

高级英语第2册(张汉熙)echMarrakech 词汇(Vocabulary)词汇(Vocabulary)

thread (v.) : pass through by twisting，turning，or weaving in

and out穿过，通过

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------pomegranate (n.) : a round fruit with a red，leathery rind and

many seeds covered with red，juicy，edible flesh；the bush or

small tree that bears it石榴；石榴树

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-----------------------------------------------------------chant (n.) : a simple liturgical song in which a string of

syllables or words is sung to each tune(礼拜仪式唱的)单调的歌

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------bier (n.) : a platform or portable framework on which a coffin

or corpse is placed棺材架；尸体架

-----------------------翻地，挖(土)

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hack (v.) : break up(1and)with a hoe，mattock，etc．(用锄等)

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oblong (adj.) : longer than broad；elongated长方形的

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------lumpy (adj.) : full of lumps；covered with lumps多块状物的；

凹凸不平的

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hummocky (a.) : full of or looking like low，rounded hills布满小丘的；似小圆丘的

-----------------------无主的；被遗弃的

-----------------------------------------------------------derelict (adj.) : deserted by the owner；abandoned；forsaken

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------lot (n.) : a plot of ground一块地

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undifferentiated (adj.) : without clear qualities or

distinctive characteristics无区别的；无显著特点的

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------mound (n.) : a heap or bank of earth，sand，etc．built over a

grave，in a fortification，etc．土堆；堤；坟堆

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prickly (adj.) : full of prickles多刺的

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-----------------------------------------------------------prickly pear : any of a genus of cactus plants having

cylindrical or large，flat，oval stem joints and edible fruits仙人掌(属)

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-----------------------簸的；震摇的

bumpy (adj.) : full of bumps；rough；jolting崎岖不平的；颠

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------瞪羚

gazelle (n.) : any of various small，swift，graceful antelopes----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hindquarter (n.) : either of the two hind legs and the adjoining

loin of a carcass of veal，beef，lamb，etc．；[p1.]the hind part

of a four—legged animal(牛、羊、猪等 的)后腿肉；[复](四肢动物的)后躯

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------谨慎地咬(啃)

nibble (v.) : take small，cautious，or gentle bites小口地咬；

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------butt (v.) : strike or push with the head or horns：ram with the

head(用头或角)撞击；顶撞

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mid—air (n.) : any point in space，not in contact with the

ground or other surface空中；上空

-----------------------工；无特殊技术的工人

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navvy (n.) : n unskilled laborer，as on canals，roads，etc．劳

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sidle (v.) : move sideways，esp．in a shy or stealthy manner(羞怯或偷偷地)侧身行走

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------stow (v.) : pack or store away；fill by packing in an orderly

way装载；装进；收藏 municipality n．a city，town. etc．having

its own incorporated government for local affairs自治市(或镇)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ghetto (n.) : (in certain European cities)a section to which

Jews were formerly restricted(某些欧洲城市中从前的)犹太人居住区

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------的；感到疼痛的

sore (adj.) : giving or feeling physical pain；painful疼痛

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------skull—cap (n.) : a light，closefitting，brimless cap，usually

worn indoors(室内戴的)无沿便帽

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infest (v.) : overrun or inhabit in large numbers，usually so

as to be harmful or bothersome；swarm in or over(虫害等)侵扰；骚扰；蔓延

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------booth (n.) : a stall for the sale of goods，as at markets or

fairs(市场或集市上的)货摊；摊店，摊棚

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prehistoric (adj.) : pertaining to ancient times，very

old-fashioned老式的；古旧的

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warp (v.) : become bent or twisted out of shape变弯曲；变歪

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------乱的

frenzied (adj.) : full of uncontrolled excitement疯狂的，狂----------------------------------------------------------------------------------喧嚷，喧嚣，吵闹

clamour (v.) : make a loud confused noise or shout；cry out

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------uncertainly摸索；探索

grope (v.) : feel or search about blindly，hesitantly，or

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------self-contained (adj.) : having within oneself or itself all

that is necessary；self-sufficient，as a community自给自足的

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------witchcraft (n.) : the power or practices of witches: black

magic；sorcery巫术；魔法

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square (adj.[colloq.]) : satisfying；solid；substantial[口]

令人满意的；充实的

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------conspicuous (adj.) : attracting attention by being unexpected，unusual，outstanding惹人注目的，显眼的

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-----------------------------------------------------------grove (n.) : orchard果园

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legionnaire (n.) : a member of a legion军团的成员

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back—breaking (adj.) : requiring great physical exertion；very tiring费劲的；辛苦的，累人的

-----------------------

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desolate (adj.) : uninhabited；deserted荒无人烟的，荒凉的

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------lucerne (n.) : a type of plant whose leaves grow in groups of

three and which is used for feeding farm animals紫花苜蓿

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fodder (n.) : gorse food for cattle，horses，sheep，etc. as

cornstalks，hay and straw(牛、马、羊的)粗饲料；饲草

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-----------------------合；连结

yoke (v.) : put a yoke on；join together；link用轭连起；连----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

harrow (n.) : a heavy frame with spikes or sharp—edged disks，drawn by a horse 0r tractor and used for breaking up and leveling

plowed ground，covering seeds，rooting up weeds，etc．耙

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------沟，畦；犁沟

furrow (n.) : a narrow groove made in the ground by a plow

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------淌；细流 ；

trickle (n.) : the act of trickling；a slow，small flow滴，

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------土，下层土，

subsoil (n.) : the layer of soil beneath the surface soil底

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

mummify (v.) : shrivel or dry up干瘪；枯干；成木乃伊状

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

hobble (v.) : go unsteadily，haltingly，etc．蹒跚

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

leathery (adj.) : 1ike leather in appearance or texture. tough

and flexible(外观或质地)似皮革的；坚韧的，粗硬的

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------激怒

infuriate (v.) : cause to become very angry；enrage(使)发怒，----------------------------------------------------------------------------------damnably (adv.) : execrably该诅咒地；极坏地

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-----------------------------------------------------------packsaddle (n.) : a saddle with fastenings to secure and balance

the load carried by a pack animal驮鞍

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-----------------------------------------------------------bridle (n.) : a head harness for guiding a horse马勒

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------halter (n.) : a rope，cord，strap，etc．，usually with a headstall，for tying or leading an animal；a bitless headstall，with or

without a lead rope缰绳；(马)笼头

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gut (n.[usu．in p1.]) : the bowels；entrails[常用复]内脏

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------plight (n.) : condition or state of affairs；esp，now, an

awkward．sad，or dangerous situation情况；状态；(现尤指)苦

境；困境或险境

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------磨

gall (v.) : injure or make sore by rubbing；chafe擦伤，擦痛；----------------------------------------------------------------------------------stork (n.) : any of a family of large，long—legged，mostly

old—world wading birds．having a long neck and bill，and related

to the herons鹳

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------reach-me—down (adj．[colloq.]) : second—hand or

ready—made(衣服)用旧的；别人用过的；现成的

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khaki (adj.) : made of khaki(cloth)卡其(布)制的

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squash (v.) : force one’s way；squeeze挤进，挤入

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------消沉

slump (v.) : have a drooping posture or gait低头弯腰(而行)；----------------------------------------------------------------------------------inquisitive (adj.) : inclined to ask many questions or seek

information；eager to learn好询问的；好奇的

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syphilis (n.) : an infectious venereal disease，caused by a

spirochete and usually transmitted by sexual intercourse or

acquired congenitally梅毒

-----------------------驻军；卫戍部队

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garrison (n.) : troops stationed in a fort or fortified place

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------马

charger (n.) : a horse ridden in battle or on parade战马, 军----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

短语 (Expressions)

square meal: a complete and satisfying meal美餐丰盛的、令人满足

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------air as amass一团

in a cloud: a large number of small things moving through the

例： a cloud of locusts一群蝗虫

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-----------------------------------------------------------get at: to approach or reach到达，得到

例： You have to use a little ladder to get at the jars

on the top shelves．你得使用一把小梯才可以拿到架子上面的坛子。

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------next door to: almost the same as几乎

一个人等死无异于谋杀。

-----------------------点，就此而论

例： Leaving a man to die is next door to murder．让-----------------------------------------------------------in this connection: while speaking of such things关于这一

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------紧要

it doesn’t matter twopence: it doesn’t matter a bit无关 例： It doesn’t matter twopence if he doesn’t accept

the invita-tion．他接不接受邀请都不要紧

马拉喀什见闻乔治·奥威尔

一具尸体抬过，成群的苍蝇从饭馆的餐桌上瓮嗡嗡而起追逐过去，但几分钟过后又非了回来。

一支人数不多的送葬队伍——其中老少尽皆男性，没有一个女的——沿着集贸市场，从一堆堆石榴摊子以及出租汽车和骆驼中间挤道而行，一边走着一边悲痛地重复着一支短促的哀歌。苍蝇之所以群起追逐是因为在这个地方死人的尸首从不装进棺木，只是用一块破布裹着放在一个草草做成的木头架子上，有四个朋友抬着送葬。朋友们到了安葬场后，便在地上挖出一个一二英尺深的长方形坑，将尸首往坑里一倒。再扔一些像碎砖头一样的日、干土块。不立墓碑，不留姓名，什么识别标志都没有。坟场只不过是一片土丘林立的荒野，恰似一片

已废弃不用的建筑场地。一两个月过后，就谁也说不准自己的亲人葬于何处了。

当你穿行也这样的城镇——其居民20万中至少有2万是除开一身聊以蔽体的破衣烂衫之外完全一无所有——当你看到那些人是如何生活，又如何动辄死亡时，你永远难以相信自己是行走在人类之中。实际上，这是所有的殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。这里的人都有一张褐色的脸，而且，人数书如此之多！他们真的和你意义同属人类吗？难道他们也会有名有姓吗？也许他们只是像彼此之间难以区分的蜜蜂或珊瑚虫一样的东西。他们从泥土里长出来，受哭受累，忍饥挨饿过上几年，然后有被埋在那一个个无名的小坟丘里。谁也不会注意到他们的离去。就是那些小坟丘本身也过不了很久便会变成平地。有时当你外出散步，穿过仙人掌丛时，你会感觉到地上有些绊脚的东西，只是在经过多次以后，摸清了其一般规律时，你才会知道你脚下踩的是死人的骷髅。

我正在公园里给一只瞪羚喂食。

动物中也恐怕只有瞪羚还活着时就让人觉得是美味佳肴。事实上，人们只要看到它们那两条后腿就会联想到薄荷酱。我现在喂着的这只瞪羚好象已经看透了我的心思。它虽然叼走了拿在手上的一块面包，但显然不喜欢我这个人。它一面啃食着面包，一面头一低向我顶过来，再啃一下面包又顶过来一次。它大概还因为把我赶开之后那块面包仍会悬在空中。

一个正在附近小道上干活的阿拉伯挖土工放下笨重的锄头，羞怯地侧着身子慢慢朝我们走过来。他把目光从瞪羚身上移向面包，又从面包转回到瞪羚身上，带着一点惊讶的神色，似乎以前从未建国这种情景。终于，他怯生生的用法语说道：“那面包让我吃一点吧。”

我撕下一块面包，他感激地把面包放进破衣裳贴身的地方。这人是市政当局的雇工。

当你走过这儿的犹太人聚居区时，你就会知道中世纪犹太人区大概是个什么样子。在摩尔人的统治下，犹太人只能在划定的一些地区内保有土地。受这样的待遇经过了好几个世纪后，他们已经不再为拥挤不堪而烦扰了。这儿很多街道的宽度远远不足六英尺，房屋根本没有窗户，眼睛红肿的孩子随处可见，多的像一群群苍蝇，数也数不清。街上往往是尿流成河。

在集市上，一大家一大家的犹太人，全都身着黑色长袍，头戴黑色便帽，在看起来像洞窟一般阴暗无光，苍蝇麋集的摊篷里干活。一个木匠两脚交叉坐在一架老掉牙的车床旁，正以飞快的速度旋制椅子腿。他右手握弓开动车床，左脚引动旋刀。由于长期保持着种姿势，左脚已经弯翘变形了。他的一个年仅六岁的小孙子竟也在一旁开始帮着干一些简单的活计了。

我正要走过一个铜匠铺子时，突然有人发现我点着一支香烟。这一下子那些犹太人从四面八方的一个个黑洞窟里发疯四地围上来，其中有很多白胡子老汉，都吵着要讨支烟抽。甚至连一个盲人听到这讨烟的吵嚷声也从一个摊篷后面爬出来。伸手在空中乱摸。一分钟光景，我那一包香烟全分完了。我想这些人一天的工时谁都不回少于十二小时，可是他们个个都把一支香烟看成是一见十分难得的奢侈品。

犹太人生活在一个自给自足的社会里，他们从事阿拉伯人所从事的行业，只是没有农业。他们中有买水果的，有陶工、银匠、铁匠、屠夫、皮匠、裁缝、运水工，还有乞丐、脚夫——放眼四顾，到处是犹太人。事实上，在这不过几英亩的空间内居住着的犹太人就足足有一万三千之多。也算这些犹太人好运气，希特勒未曾光顾这里。不过，他也许曾经准备来的。你常听到的有关犹太人的风言风语，不仅可以

从阿拉伯人那里听到，而且还可以从较穷的欧洲人那里听到。

“我的老兄啊，他们把我的饭碗夺走给了犹太人。想必你也知道这些犹太人吧，他们才是这个国家真正的主宰。我们的钱都进了他们的腰包。银行、财政——一切都被他们控制住了。”

“可是，”我说道，“到多数普通犹太人不也是为了一点微薄的工钱而辛勤劳作的苦力吗？”

“噢！那不过是做出样子来给人看的。事实上他们都是些放债获利的富豪。这些犹太人就是鬼得很。”

与此恰恰相似的是，几百年前，常常也有些苦命的老太婆被当成巫婆给活活烧死，然而事实上她们就连为自己变出一顿象样饭菜的巫术都没有。

所有靠自己的双手干活的人一般都有点不太引人注目，他们所干的活儿越是重要，就越不为人所注目。不过，白皮肤总是比较显眼的。在北欧，若是发现田里有一个工人在耕地，你多半会再看他一眼。而在一个热带国家，直布罗陀以南或苏伊士运河以东的任何一个地方，你就可能看不到田里耕作的人。这种情形我已经注意到多次了。在热带的景色总，万物皆可一目了然，惟独看不见人。那干巴巴的土壤、仙人掌、棕榈树和远方的山岭都可以尽收眼底，但那在地理耕作的农夫却往往每人看见。他们的肤色就和地里的土壤颜色一样，而且远不及土壤中看。

正因如此，贫穷至极的亚非国家反倒成了旅游观光的胜地。没有谁会有兴趣到本地的贫困地区去作依次毫无价值的旅行。但在那些居住着褐色皮肤的人的地方，他们的贫困却根本没有人能注意大批。摩

洛哥对于一个法国人来说意味着什么呢？无非是一个能买到橘子圆或者谋取一份政府差使的地方。对于一个英国人呢？不过是骆驼、城堡、棕榈树、外籍兵团、黄铜盘子和匪徒等富于浪漫色彩的字眼而已。就算是在那儿呆过多年的人也未必会注意得到，对于当地百分之九十的居民来说，现实生活只意味着永无休止、劳累至极的斗争，其目的是从贫瘠的土壤中费力地弄出点吃的来。

摩洛哥的土地大半是一片荒凉，赖以生存的走兽至大者莫如野兔。原先曾有的森林覆盖着的土地如今已成为光秃秃的荒漠，土壤跟碎砖头一般。尽管如此，仍有大片大片的土地被人们开垦，劳动强度十分惊人。一切活儿全靠手工完成。排着长队的妇女们弯着腰像一个个倒过来的大写字母L一样，以便慢慢地在地里移动着身子往前走，一边用手去拔除带刺的野草。农民采集苜蓿喂牲口时，不是用刀去割而是用手将一棵棵苜蓿连根拔起，免得割剩下来的一两寸的根茬白白浪费掉。犁是用木头做的劣货，一点也不结实，一个人可以毫不费力的扛在肩上。犁的底部安着一个粗劣的铁尖子，只能犁进地里4英寸来深。拉犁的牲口的力气也只有这么大。通常是用一头牛和一头驴子套在一起拉犁。这是因为两头驴子拉不动，而如用两头牛，耗费的饲料有太多。农民们都没有耙地的耙，他们指示顺着不同的方向犁上几遍，弄出一道道垄沟来，然后再用锄头把整块田地做成一块块长条形的小畦，以利蓄水。除了较为罕见的暴雨之后紧接着的那一两天外，这地方总是缺水。农民们在地边上挖出一道道深达三十至四十英尺的沟渠以便把土层深处的涓涓细流汇集起来。

每天下午都有一对年迈的妇女背着柴草从我屋外的路上走过。由于上了年纪而又饱经日晒，他们一个个都变得想木乃伊似的干瘪，而且身躯都是那么瘦小。在原始社会里，妇女超过了一定的年纪便萎缩得如孩子般大小，这似乎是一种普遍的现象。一天，一个身高不过四英尺的可怜人扛着老大的一捆柴草从我身边蹒跚而过。我叫住她，往她手上塞了一枚面值五个苏的钱币（略多于1/4个旧便士）。她的反应竟是一声近乎尖叫的哭喊，这喊叫含有感激的成分，主要还是出于

惊讶。我想，在她看来，我虽然会注意她，似乎是违反了自然法则。对于自己作为一个老妇人，即作为一匹驮兽的地位，她是早已接受了的。每当一家人出门远行时，往往可以看到父亲和已经成年的儿子骑着驴子在前边走，而一个老太婆则背着包袱步行跟在后面。

然而这些人的真正奇特之处还在于他们的隐身的特性。一连几个星期，每天几乎在同一时候总有一队老妪扛着柴草从我房前蹒跚走过。虽然他们的身影以映入我的眼帘，但老实说，我并不曾看见她们。我所看见的是一捆捆的柴草从屋外掠过。直到有一天我碰巧走在她们身后时，堆柴草奇异的起伏动作才使我注意到原来下面有人。这才第一次看见那些与泥土同色的可怜老妪的躯体——枯瘦的只剩下皮包骨头、被沉重的负荷压得弯腰驼背的躯体。然而，我踏上摩洛哥国土还不到五分钟就已注意到驴子的负荷过重，并为此感到愤怒。驴子遭到荷虐，这是无疑的事实。摩洛哥的驴子不过如一只瑞士雪山救人犬一般大小，可它驮负的货物重量在英国军队里让一头五英尺高的大骡子来驮都嫌过重。而且，它还常常是一连几个星期不卸驮鞍。尤其让人觉得可悲的是，它是世上最驯服听话的牲畜。不需要鞍辔会僵绳。它便会像狗一样更随着自己的主人。为主人拼命干上十几年活后，它便猝然倒地死去，这时，主人就把它仍进沟里，尸体未寒，其五脏六腑便被村狗扒出来吃掉。

这种事情当然令人发指，可是，一般说来，人的苦难却没人理会。我并非在乱发议论，只不过是指出一个事实而已。这种人简直就是一种无影无行之物。一头背上被磨得皮破肉烂的驴子人人见了都会同情，而那驮着大捆柴草的老妇人则往往要有某种偶然因素才会受到注意。

白鹳鼓翼被去时，黑人正行军南下——一列长长的满身征尘的队伍：步兵，炮队，接着又是更多的步兵，总共大约四五千人，正靴声橐橐，车声辚辚地蜿蜒前行。

他们是塞内加尔人，是非洲肤色最黑的人——黑得简直难以看清他们颈项上的头发从何处生起。他们健硕的身躯罩在旧的卡其布制服里面，脚上套着一双看上去像块木板似的靴子，每个人头上戴着的钢盔似乎都小了一两号。天气正热,队伍已经走了很长一段路，士兵们都被沉重的包袱压得疲惫不堪，敏感得出奇的黑脸颊上汗水闪闪发光。

当他们走过时，一个身体欣长，年纪很轻的黑人回头后顾，和我的目光相遇。他的那种目光完全超出人们意料之外。既不带敌意，又不含轻蔑，也没有愠怒，甚至连好奇的成分都没有。那是一种羞怯的，瞪圆双眼的黑人的目光，实际上就是一种表示深厚敬意的目光。这种情况我是了解的。这可怜的小伙子，因为成了法国公民，所以被从森林里拉出来送到军队驻扎的城镇去擦洗地板，并染上了梅毒。他对于白种人的确是满怀敬意的。过去别人教导他说白种人是他的主人，对此他至今深信不疑。

然而，无论哪一个白人（哪怕是那些自称为社会主义者的人也不例外），当他望着一支黑人军队从身边开过时，都会想到同一桩事：“我们还能愚弄他们多久？他们倒戈相向的日子离现在还有多远？”

真是怪有意思的。在场的每一个白人心里都有着这样一个共同的心思。我有，其他旁观者也有，骑在汗涔涔的战马上的军官们有，走在队伍中的白人军士也有。这是大家心里都明白而有彼此心照不宣的秘密，只有那些黑人对此尚茫然不知。看着这列一两英里长的队伍静静地向前开进，真好像看着一群牛羊一样，而那掠过它们头顶、朝着相反方向高翔的大白鹳恰似片片碎纸在空中泛着点点银光。

(摘自卡罗林·什罗茨等合编《修辞读物》)

Ⅰ . Marrakech: in west central Morocco, at the Northern foot

of the high Atlas, 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief

seaport. The city renowned for leather goods, is one of the

principal commercial centers of Morocco. It was founded in 1062

and was the capital of Morocco from then until 1147 and again

from 1550 to 1660. It was captured by the French in 1912, when

its modern growth began. It has extremely hot summers but mild

winters. Yearly rainfall is 9 inches and limited to winter

months. The city was formerly also called Morocco.

Morocco: Located in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea

and the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco is the farthest west of all the

Arab countries. Rabat is the capital. The estimated population

in 1973 was 15,600,000. About 2000 B. C. it was settled by Berber

tribes, who have formed the basis of the population ever since.

The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7thcentury, bringing with them

Islam. From the end of the 17thcentury until the early 19th

century Morocco was almost entirely free from foreign influence.

But in 1912, a Franco- Spanish agreement divided Morocco into

4 administrative zones. It gained independence in 1956 and

became a constitutional monarchy in 1957. Morocco is a member

of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the

Organization of African Unity. Moroccans are mainly farmers

(70%)who try to grow their own food. They often use camels,

donkeys and mules to pull their plows. In the south a few

tribesmen still, wander from place to place in the desert.

Ⅱ. 1. Here are five things he describes to show poverty- (a)

the burial of the poor inhabitants (b)an Arab Navvy, an employee

of the municipality, begging for a piece of bread (c)the

miserable lives of the Jews in the ghettoes~ (d)cultivation of

the poor soil; (e) the old women carrying fire wood.

2. See paragraphs 1 and 2.

3. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating

the people in the colonies as animals instead of as human be

rags.

4. Medieval ghettoes were probably like the Jewish quarters

in Marrakech--overcrowded, thousands of people living in a

narrow street, houses completely windowless, and the whole area

dirty and red.

5. If Hitler were here, all the Jews would have been

6. Those who work with their hands are partly invisible.

It’s only because of this that the starved countries of Asia

and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. The people are not

treated as human beings, and it is on this fact that all colonial

empires are in reality founded. 7. See paragraph 18.

8. The old woman was surprised because someone was taking

notice of her and treating her as a human being. She accepted

her status as an old woman, that is to say, as a beast of burden.

9, Every white man thought. "How much longer can we go on

kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in

the other direction?" They knew they could not go on fooling

these black people any longer. Some day they would rise up in

revolt and free themselves.

Ⅲ. 1. Yes, it is. In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of

colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty,

misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies.

2. He manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle

of misery, first, through the appropriate use of words second,

through the clever choice of the scenes he describes; third,

through the tone in which he describes these scenes and finally,

by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the

donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings.

3. Because that shows the cruel treatment the donkeys

receive evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of

the white masters than the miserable fate of the people. This

contrast have on the reader an effect that the people are not

considered nor treated as human beings.

4. Paragraphs 4-7 could as well come after 8-15 as before.

Other groups of paragraphs could be rearranged. This indicates

that the whole passage is made up of various independent

examples or illustrations of the people's poverty and suffering.

The central theme--all colonial empires are in reality founded

upon this fact--gives unity and cohesion to the whole essay.

5. This essay gives a new insight into imperialism. Yes, he

has succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing".

6. Orwell is good at the appropriate use of simple but

forceful words and the clever choice of the scenes he describes.

His lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive

details efficiently conveyed to the readers the central idea

"all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact",

the fact that the people are not considered or treated as human

beings.

IV. 1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of

wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and

abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put

up.

2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating

the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the

people in the colonies as human beings).

3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and

starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.

4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very

old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape

to the chair-legs he is making.

5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere

a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.

6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as

a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.

7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite

noticeable.

8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical

region, you see everything but the human beings.

9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the

tourists to visit the poor slum areas (for these trips 42V．Ⅵ．Ⅶ.

would not be interesting)．

10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With

hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the

poor soil．

11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the

lowest in the community，that。she was only fit for doing heavy

work like an animal．

12．People with brown skins are almost invisible． 13．The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki

uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies．

14．How much longer before they turn their guns around and

attack us?。 15．Every white man，the onlookers，the officers on their

horses and the white N．C．Os．marching with the black soldiers，had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind．

Ⅴ.See the translation of the text．

Ⅵ.1．chant：words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice 2．navvy：abbreviation of “navigator”，a British word

meaning an unskilled laborer，as on canals，，roads，etc．

3．Stow：put or hide away in a safe place

4．warp：bend，curve，or twist out of shapeor itself all that is necessary

5．self-contained：self—sufficient；having within oneself

6．wretched：poor in quality，very inferior

7．mummified：thin and withered，looking like a mummy 8．reach—me—down：(British colloquialism)second—hand or

ready—made clothing

9． charger：a horse ridden in battle or on paradeⅦ．cry指因痛苦、忧伤或悲哀而发出悲切的声音，并伴以流 泪。weep更具体，强调流泪；sob指呜呜咽咽、一吸一顿 地哭泣；wail

指无法抑制悲哀而拖长声调痛哭；whimper43 指像受惊的小孩一样声音压抑地、时断时续地哭；moan 则指因悲伤或痛苦而低声地、拖长声调地哀叹。

2．mania本指狂郁精神病所表现出的症状，具体表现为喜怒无常，时哭时笑，行为不能自制；delirium指暂时性精神极端错乱(如酒醉发烧时)，具体表现为烦躁不安、语无伦次和产生幻觉；frenzy是非医学用语，指狂暴不能自制。 hysteria在精神病学上指心因性紊乱，表现为容易激动、焦躁不安、感官和运动功能紊乱以及不自觉地模拟眼瞎、 耳聋等。用于引申义时，mania指对于某事的爱好达到狂热的程度，成为癖好，如a mania for drinking(嗜酒)；delirium 指极度兴奋，如a delirium of joy(狂喜)；hysteria指强烈的、不可控制的感情爆发，如：She laughed and cried in her hysteria．(她又是笑又是哭，感情难以控制。)。

3．flash指突发的、短暂而耀眼的闪光；gleam指黑暗中闪现出的一束稳定的光线；sparkle指星星点点的闪光；glitter 指由物体反射出的星星点点的闪光；glisten指外部亮光反 射于沾水的平面上而显出的光亮；shimmer指由微波荡漾的水面反照出的柔和的闪光。

Ⅷ．1．burying—ground(verbal noun in— ing + noun)：drinking

cup， hiding place，diving board，waiting room，freezing point，

carving knife，writing desk，typing paper，swimming suit

2．gravestone(noun +noun)：oilwell，silkworm，shirt—

sleeves，girl—friend，gaslight，bloodstain，frogman，win—

dow—pane

3．mid—air(adjective +noun)：half—brother，black—market，

half—pay。darkroom，madman，double—talk，hothouse， handy man

4．orercrowding(adverb +verbal noun in—ing)：dry-cleaning，overeating，oversleeping，deep—freezing， underpricing，

underrating，down—grading，up—dating

5．nine—tenths(adj．from a cardinal number +noun，from

an44ordinal number) : one-fifth, two-sixths, three-eighths,

one-ninth

IX. 1. "thread" as in "The little crowd hreaded

their way across the market„ ", indicating that the market was

so crowded that the crowd could hardly pass through.

2. "rise", "sweat", "starve", and "sink" as in "They rise

out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and

then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard"-",

giving a deep impression of how these people live a short and

miserable life.

3. "sidle" as in "An Arab navvy working on the path nearby

lowered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us", showing

clearly how a shy man walked carefully.

4. "grope" as in "Even a blind man .'. heard a rumour of

cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his

hand", presenting a clear picture of a blind man desiring to

get a cigarette.

5. "mummify" as in "All of them are mummified with age and

the sun "--", a forceful word indicating what a miserable state

those women are in.

6. "hobble" as in"'" the file of old women had hobbled past the

house with their firewood "'", indicating that these women

could not walk properly because of the heavy load they were

carrying.

7. "tip" as in """ its master tips it into the ditch """, showing

how casually a master deals with his dead dog which has served

him devotedly.

8. "stow" as in "I tore off a piece and he stowed it

gratefully in some secret place under his rags", designating

how much the poor navvy treasured that piece of bread.

Ⅹ. the British army had lost all its equipment at

Dunkirk, there was only a single armored divison left to protect

the home island.

2. Although the dry prairie land will drift away in dust

storms, it is still being plowed for profitless wheat farming.

3. If the educational program is to succeed, it has to have

more than mere financial support from the government.

4. They have wasted their natural resources, which they

should have protected and conserved. 5. Soon other settlers were coming in over the first rough

trail which the Caldwell family had opened. 6. The Smithsonian Institute is constantly working, with

little or no publicity, for a better understanding of nature

for man's benefit.

7. Queen Mary was easily shaken by passions--passions of

love and of hatred and revenge.

8. For a few days I dreaded opening the door of his office. 9. Concealed by the fog of early dawn, I crawled out and made

my way to the beach. 10. Leaving the door of the safe unlocked and taking the

leather bag of coins, I walked down the street toward the bank.

Ⅺ.1."Life on the farm is an eternal battle against nature" is

the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity. It is a bad

piece of writing. The writer of this paragraph has completely

forgotten what he had started out to say. Instead of being an

"eternal battle", life in this paragraph be-comes a pleasant

and exciting experience--which it probably is, but that is not

what the writer set out to prove. "There are three reasons

why I like Japanese food" is the topic sentence. This paragraph

lacks unity because the writer introduces facts and ideas

irrelevant to the topic stated in his opening sentence, e. g.

"However, most Japanese love rice. One of my Japanese friends

has at least two bowls of rice at every meal. " and "Also, from

the male point of view, Japanese restaurants are attractive for

another reason--the beautiful little doll-like waitresses, who

bow and smile shyly as they serve your food.

Ⅻ. pulled, feel, goes, went, come, fe11, altered, paralyzed

seemed, sagged, slobbered, settled, imagined, fired, collapse,

climbed, drooping, did, jolt, knock, falling, tower, reaching,

trumpeted, came, shakeⅩⅢ. Omitted.

ⅪⅤ. Shack Dwellers in Old ShanghaiAt the edge of Old Shanghai, there were some areas neglected

by the splendid city: they were desolate, dirty, and lay humbly

at the foot of high-rise factory chimney. From the point of view

of the city residents, these places were not suit- able for men.

There, however, did live crowds of creature called human beings.

They dwelled in the shacks they built themselves. A shack was

made up of mud and dried hay--the former being the component

of walls and the latter being the roof. Usually there was a small

door with a thin wooden board and seldom was there any window.

One could easily touch the roof with his hand. The shack was

small and dim, thus the door was seldom kept closed. When it

rained or blew, there was no more difference inside than outside.

How did they manage to live? Some of them were road builders:

they dug hard with a pickaxe, pulled a huge stone roller to

flatten the road, or dug gutters underground all the day. Some

made a living by wheelbarrow. With a load of nearly 500

kilogrammes, they pushed forward sweating all over. Some

dragged their rickshaws. And among those shack dwellers were

many industrial workers, male and female. When a child grew to

be thirteen, he or she started to work in a factory. In short,

the vast majority of the people did toil but got a slight gain