2024年1月12日发(作者：)

一、专业词汇翻译

Accident Causation Models：事故致因模型

Safety Policy and Planning：安全方针和计划

Accident causation theory：事故致因理论

Poor physical conditions：物的不安全状况

Accident-proneness model：事故倾向模型

Social security system ：社会保障体系

Accident reporting system：意外呈报制度

Occupational illness：职业病

System safety：系统安全

Safety Engineering：安全工程

System safety engineering：系统安全工程

System safety program：系统安全规划

Hazard analysis：危害分析

Hazard identification：危险源辨识

Hazard control：危险源控制

Hazard evaluation：危险源评价

Logical reasoning process 逻辑推理过程

Warning device 报警装置

Ergonomics process 人机工程过程

Ergonomics committee 人机工程委员会

Job site 工作现场

Musculoskeletal disorder 肌股失常

Chain of command 行政管理系统

Hazard prevention and control 灾害预防与控制

Hazard Identification 危险源辨识

PPE（personal protective equipment）个人防护设备

OSHA（Occupational Safety and Health Act）职业安全与健康条例

planning and accountability 计划与职责

planning and review 计划与评审

budgetary constraint 预算限制

Occupational Health and Safety Management System

职业健康安全管理系统

Implementation method 实施方法

System characteristic 系统特性

systematic management 系统化管理

Industrial Hygiene 工业卫生

Cosmic ray 宇宙射线

Terrestrial radiation 地面辐射

Material Safety Data Sheet 物质安全技术说明书

二、句型翻译

Hazard Communication Standard 危害通识标准

Physical hazards 物理危险源

safety culture 安全文化

corporate culture 企业文化

reciprocal relationship：互反关系

organisational goals 组织目标

Physiological needs 生理需求

Safety needs 安全需求

Social needs 社会需求

Ego needs 自我需求

Self-fulfillment 自我满足，自我实现

Principle of motivation 激励原则

Accident Investigation：事故调查

After-the-fact approach to hazard identification 事后事后危险源辨识方法

fact-finding process 寻找事实过程

affixing blame 追究责任

accident investigation procedure 事故调查程序

Safety Electricity 电气安全

Electrical shock 电击

Groundfault Circuit interrupt：接地故障断路器

First aid：急救

Artificial ventilation（respiration）：人工呼吸

Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)心肺复苏

Declaration of Conformity 符合性声明

Insurance premium 保险费

Safety device 安全防护装置

HSE：health、safety、environment 健康、安全和环境管理体系

ROPS：roll-over protective structure：翻车安全保护装置

Manufacturing industry 制造业

Transportation equipment 运输设备

Excavation work 开挖施工

Guard rail： 防护围栏

Confined space 狭小空间

Rooflight sheet 采光屋面板

Toe board 趾板

mine fire 矿井火灾

1、Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the

origins of the different types of human errors.

Rasmussen和Jensen提出了一种技能—规范—知识的三级模型，用来描述不同类型的人为失误的来源。

2、The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes,

perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style

and proficiency of, an organization’s health and safety management.

组织的安全文化是个人和群体的价值观、态度、认识、能力以及行为方式的产物，这些因素决定着组织健康与安全管理的投入、形式和水平 。（定语从句的分译）

3、Effective system safety programs also eliminate the schedule delays and costly changes that often

result in systems that do not have adequate safety planning.

有效的系统安全规程还可以避免工作日程的延误和开销巨大的改造工作，而这些在一些没有充分的安全规划的系统中经常会发生。

4、Program activities in the concept phase include establishing safety criteria within the definition of

the system task.

概念阶段的规划活动包括在制定系统任务的过程中建立安全标准。

5、These criteria normally provide for compliance with accepted safety standards such as those

contained in government regulations. (包含)

这些标准通常与公认的安全标准是一致的，比如政府规章制度中所规定的一些标准。

6、The local press challenged the license of the TV station.

当地媒体要求吊销那家电视台的营业执照。

7、A successful ergonomics process must be approached like any other process within a company,

such as production, maintenance, or safety, where there is a commitment to continuous improvement.

一个成功的人机工程过程，必须像公司里其他的过程一样，例如，生产、维护或者安全等，公司有义务对它进行不断的改善。

8、Just as ergonomics itself is comprised of multiple disciplines, an Ergonomics Committee should be

comprised of members with diverse backgrounds and areas of expertise.

正如人机工程是由多种学科交织而成一样，人机工程委员会也应该由具有不同背景和专业知识领域的人员组成

9、An ergonomics process is a plan in which a facility gathers all relevant information on work

organization, employee capabilities and limitations, and work-related MSDs, to develop solutions to

better accommodate these employees and reduce MSD rates and their associated costs.

人机工程过程是一种计划，在这个计划里，为了发展出使员工更好地适应工作并减少肌骨失常发生率以及相应损失的解决办法，由某个机构收集所有关于工作组织、员工的能力与局限性、与工作有关的肌骨失常等的信息。

10、The ergonomic process’ key purpose, is to communicate information among all those involved,

so that adequate and feasible solutions to problems having ergonomics issues can be solved.

人机工程过程的主要目的，是为了在所有涉及到的因素之间进行信息交流，从而为涉及人机工程的问题提出充分、可行的解决方法。

11、The expected benefits of hazard identification are a decrease in the incidents of injuries, a

decrease in lost workdays and absenteeism, a decrease in workers’ compensation costs, increased

productivity, and better cooperation and communication.

危险源辨识的预期目标包括：降低伤害事故的发生、减少工时损失和旷工、降低工人赔偿开支、提高生产力、增进合作与交流

12、This man-machine system is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of operation and the ease with

which it can be maintained.

这种人机系统的主要特点是操作简单、容易维护。

13、Hazard identification includes those items that can assist you with identifying workplace hazards

and determining what corrective action is necessary to control them. These items include jobsite

safety inspections, accident investigations, safety and health committees, and project safety meetings.

危险源辨识包括那些能够协助人们辨识工作场所的危险源并确定需要采用什么样的正确措施进行控制的工

作。这些工作包括现场安全检查，事故调查，安全与健康委员会以及项目安全会议。

14、A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and

the Lincoln Memorial.

从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念碑的全景

15、Warwick Pearse also emphasises systemic linkage, defining an OHSMS as “distinct elements

which cover the key range of activities required to manage occupational health and safety.”

Warwick Pearse同样也强调了系统的联系，他将OHSMS定义为“覆盖职业健康安全管理所需措施的主要范围的不同要素。它们是内部关联的，而整体则靠反馈循环驱动”。

16. Gallagher defines an OHSMS as “„ a combination of the planning and review, the

management organizational arrangements, the consultative arrangements, and the specific program

elements that work together in an integrated way to improve health and safety performance”

Gallagher将OHSMS定义为“为改进健康与安全性能，以某种组合方式共同发挥作用的计划与评审，管理组织措施，协商措施以及特定规划的要素等的联合体”

17、Industrial hygiene has been defined as “that science or art devoted to the anticipation,

recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the

workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and

inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community.”

工业卫生的定义为“涉及到环境因素或压力源的预测、辨识、评价和控制，并且重视可能在工人或居民点的居民中引起疾病、健康受损或非常不舒服和工作效率极低的工作和生活环境的科学或技术”

18、Physical hazards are defined as those type of hazards that can cause harm to a worker from an

external source. Types of physical hazards are loud noise(equipment), temperature extremes(working

in personal protective equipment), radiation(exposures to the infrared or gamma rays), chemical

bum(acids or caustics), fire and/or explosions.

物理危险源是指那些通过外部源对工人产生危害的危险源。典型的物理危险源有很大的噪声（设备的），温度极值（在个人防护设备里工作），辐射（暴露在红外线或者γ射线下），化学烧伤（酸性物质或者腐蚀剂），火灾和爆炸。

19、Radiation is divided into two major categories, based its effect on living tissue: 1)non-ionizing;

2)ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has the ability to change or destroy the atomic (chemical)

structure of cell, non-ionizing radiation does not.

基于辐射对活组织的影响，可以分为两大类：1）非电离辐射，2）电离辐射。电离辐射能够改变或者破坏细胞的原子(化学)结构，而非电离辐射则不能。

20、Improper lifting or reaching, poor visual conditions, or repeated motions in an awkward position

can result in accidents or illnesses in the occupational environment.

职业环境中不恰当的举高或者伸展，很差的目视环境，或者在不方便的位置上的重复运动，可能引起事故或者疾病。

21、Williams et al take issue with the notion that organisational culture reflects shared behaviours,

beliefs, attitudes and values. The argue that not all organisational members respond in the same way

in any given situation, although there may be a tendency for them to adopt similar stystles of dress,

modes of conduct, and perceptions of how the organisation does, or should, function.

Williams等人对组织文化反映了人们共同的行为、信念、态度和价值观这一主张提出了异议。他们认为，尽管组织成员可能会倾向于接受相似的着装方式、行为模式以及组织可能或应该如何运行的看法，但是并不是所有的组织成员在任何给定的情况下都会做出同样的反应。

22、The International Atomic Energy Authority defined safety culture as, “that assembly of

characteristics and attitudes in organisations and individuals, which established that, as an overriding

priority, nuclear plant safety issues receive the attention warranted by their significance”

国际原子能机构定义安全文化为“存在于单位和个人中的种种素质和态度的总和，它建立一种超出一切之上

的观念，即核电厂的安全问题由于它的重要性而要保证得到应有的重视。”

23、Motivation, in the broadest sense, is self-motivation, comples, and either need- or value-driven.

Someone once stated that the believed “hope” was the secret ingredient to a person being motivated

(the hope to accomplish a goal, a dream, or attain a need); there is reason to support this theory.

从最广义的定义上来说，激励是自我驱动，它很复杂，是以需求为导向或者价值为导向的。有人曾经指出，“希望”是激励一个人的潜在因素（达到某个目标、梦想或者得到某种需求的希望）；并且有理由来支持这种理论。

24、Possibly a better definition is “Motivation presumes valuing, and values are learned behaviors;

thus, motivation, at least in part, is learned and can be taught”. This definition provides us with the

encouragement we need in order to go forward and achieve motivation for ourselves and others.

更好的定义也许是“激励意味着要进行评价，而价值观是学习得到的行为；所以激励至少部分地是学习得到的并且是可以传授的 。”这个定义可以为我们提供继续前进和实现对自己和他人的激励所需要的鼓励。

25、And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means

compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

许多人认为, 普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比, 而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。

26、On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if

the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is

being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they

possessed.

总的来说, 得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的, 但必须具备两个条件: 能够 假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同; 他也没有 因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

27、The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all

run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.

石油的供应可能随时会被中断；不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。

28、An accident investigation is a fact-finding process and not a fault-finding process with the

purpose of affixing blame. The end of any result of an accident investigation should be to assure that

the type of hazard or accident does not exist or occur in the future.

事故调查是一个寻找事实的过程，而不是一个为了追究责任去寻找过错的过程。事故调查的任何结果的目标都应该是为了确保这一类的危害或事故将来不再存在或发生。

29、In spite of their complexity, most accidents are preventable by eliminating one or more causes.

Accident investigations determine not only what happened, but also how and why.

尽管事故很复杂，但是大部分事故还是可以利用消除一个或多个致灾因素来预防的。事故调查确定的不仅仅是发生了什么，还包括怎么发生的，为什么发生。

30、A GFCI is an electrical device which protects personnel by detecting potentially hazardous

ground faults and quickly disconnecting power form the circuit.

接地故障断路器是一种利用检测可能存在的有危险的接地故障并迅速切断电路电源来保护工人的电气设备。

31、Shock is a common occupational hazard associated with working with electricity. A person who

has stopped breathing is not necessarily dead but is in immediate danger.

电击是带电工作中一种常见的职业伤害。停止呼吸的人并不是必然会死亡，但是处在直接危险期。

32、A lockout/tagout shall not be removed by any person other than the person that installed it, except

in an emergency. In an emergency, the lockout/tagout may be removed only by authorized personnel.

锁/标签不能由除了设置该锁和标签的人以外的其他任何人清除，除非是在紧急情况下。在紧急情况下，锁/标签只能由得到授权的人去除。

33、Many accidents in the workplace arise out of the use of machinery and tools ranging from hand

tools through machine tools such as lathes and presses to large items of mobile mechanical

cranes or fork lift trucks.

工作场所的许多事故都产生于机器和工具的使用，包括从手工工具到诸如车床和印刷机这类机器工具，再到可移动的大型重型机械，比如起重机和叉车。

34、By using safe, well-maintained equipment operated by adequately trained staff, you can help

prevent accidents and reduce these personal and financial costs.

通过使用安全、维护良好的设备，并由充分培训后的员工操作，有助于阻止事故发生，并减少人身和财产损失。

35、To control the risk you should carry out regular maintenance and preventive checks, and

inspections where there is a significant risk. Some types of equipment are also required by law to be

thoroughly examined by a competent person.

为了控制危险，对有重大危险的地方，需要实施定期的维护和预防性抑制以及检查。根据法律规定有些类型的设备需要由安全检查员进行彻底检查。

36、The term “safety culture” first made its appearance in the 1987 OECD Nuclear Agency report

on the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. Gaining international currency over the last decade, it is loosely used

to describe the corporate atmosphere or culture in which safety is understood to be, and is accepted as,

the number on priority.

“安全文化”这一概念首次出现是在1987年欧洲经合组织(OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development）核能机构关于1986年切尔诺贝利灾难的报告中。随着过去十年在国际上的流行，被广泛用于描述认为并接受安全为首要问题的企业氛围和文化。

37、Motivation is internal. We cannot directly observe or measure it but a glimpse of the results may

be observed when we see a positive change take place in behavior. Such a change might be

something as simple as a worker wearing protective eyewear or something as far reaching as going a

full year without an accident or injury.

激励是内在的。我们无法直接观察或测量它，但是当我们看到行为的积极变化，就可以瞥见这种激励的结果。这些变化可能是像一个工人带上防护眼镜这么简单的事情，或者是像运行一整年而没有发生事故或者伤害这种事情。

38、Your company should have a formalized accident investigation procedure, which is followed by

everyone. It should be spelled out in writing and end with a written report using as a foundation of

your standard company accident investigation form. It may be your worker’s compensation form or

an equivalent from your insurance carrier.

公司应该具有正式的事故调查程序，每个人都应该遵守。应该以书面形式使之明确并且最终形成一个书面报告，把这作为公司标准的事故调查形式的基础。比如可能是工人赔偿形式或者保险公司赔偿。

39、Mandatory systems have evolved in a number of European countries where legislation requires

adoption of a risk assessment system.

强制性系统已经在许多欧洲国家得到发展，这些国家的法律要求必须使用风险评价系统。

40、In spite of their complexity, most accidents are preventable by eliminating one or more causes.

尽管事故很复杂，但是大部分事故还是可以利用消除一个或多个致灾因素来预防的。

三、长句或小段落翻译

1、One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has

said that organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions—invented, discovered, or

developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal

integration—that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new

members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems”.

对组织文化的一种全面的定义是由Schein提出的，他认为组织文化是“一种基本假设的模型——由特定群体文化在处理外部适应与内部聚合问题的过程中发明、发现或发展出来的——由于运作效果好而被认可，并

传授给组织新成员以作为理解、思考和感受相关问题的正确方式。”

2、Chemical hazards arise from excessive airborne concentrations of mists, vapors, gases, or solids

that are in the form of dusts or fumes. In addition to the hazard of inhalation many of these materials

may act as skin irritants or may be toxic by absorption through the skin. There are thousands and

thousands of potentially harmful chemicals found in the workplace. Workers face the possibility of

exposure on a daily basis to these harmful chemicals. The majority of the occupational health hazards

arise from inhaling chemical agents in the form of vapors, gases, dusts, fumes and mists, or by sin

contact with these materials. The degree of risk of handling a given substance depends on the

magnitude and duration of exposure.

化学危害来自于空气中以尘埃或烟气等形式存在的雾滴、蒸气、毒气或者固体的过量浓聚物。除了有吸入的危险，很多材料都会刺激皮肤，或者通过皮肤被吸收而对人体有毒。工作场所里发现的具有潜在危害的化学品有成千上万种。工人每天都面对着接触这些有害化学物质的可能性。职业健康危险源主要来自于吸入以蒸汽、气体、灰尘、气味和雾滴等形式存在的化学药剂，或者是皮肤接与这些材料。处理某种给定物质的危险程度取决于接触量和持续时间。

3、It is generally thought that a well-developed and business-specific culture into which managers

and employees are thoroughly socialised will lead to stronger organisaitonal commitment, more

efficient performance and generally higher productivity. Usually based upon a blend of visionary

ideas, corporate culture appears to reflect shared behaviours, beliefs, attitudes and values regarding

organisational goals, functions and procedures which are seen to characterise particular

organisations.

通常人们认为，管理人员和员工被彻底社会化的完善的、专业的企业文化，能够产生更强的组织约束，更有效的性能和更高的生产力。企业文化通常基于大量的假设，似乎能够反映人们在有关组织的目标、功能和程序等方面的共同的行为，信念，态度和价值观，而这些是某一特定组织的特征。

4、The failure of people, equipment, supplies, or surroundings to behave or react as expected causes

most of the accidents. Accident investigations determine how and why these failures occur. By using

the information gained through and investigation, a similar or perhaps more disastrous accident may

be prevented.

大部分事故是由人、设备、物料、环境等与人们的期望发生反作用或冲突而产生的故障所导致的。事故调查能够确定这些故障如何发生以及为什么发生。通过使用调查所得到的信息，可以预防类似事故或者可能更加严重的事故。

5、The use of machinery at work carries a number of different risks, including hazards associated

with the action of the components of the machine, its integrity or its operation. Effective machinery

safety can be achieved through better design, improved layout and management procedures,

including the selection and training of operators.

工作中机器的使用会带来大量不同的危险，包括与机器组件的运转、机器的整合性及操作有关的危险。通过良好的设计、改进的布局和对操作员的选择和培训等管理程序可以实现有效的机器安全。

6、“Work equipment” is almost any equipment used by a worker at work including: machines such

as circular saws, drilling machines, photocopiers, mowing machines, tractors, dumper trucks and

power presses; hand tools such as screwdrivers, knives, hand saws and meat cleavers; lifting

equipment such as lift trucks, elevating work platforms, vehicle hoists, lifting slings and bath lifts;

other equipment such as ladders and water pressure cleaners.

工人在工作时使用的任何设备几乎都是“工作设备”，包括：圆锯、条播机、复印机、割草机、牵引机、自卸翻斗车和动力压力机等机器；螺丝刀、小刀、手锯和切肉刀等手工工具；起重机车、升降平台、升车机、升降索套和浴缸升降机等提升装置；梯子和水压清洁器等其他设备。

7、Shields are usually applied to grinding machines to protect the operator from chips(swarf), sparks,

coolant or lubricant. A vacuum pedestal is also available to capture discharged debris. Other safety

concerns for grinders are the adjustment of the work rests and the adjustable tongues or ends of the

peripheral members at the top of each wheel.

在磨床上通常使用防护罩来保护操作员，防止飞屑、火星、冷却液、或者润滑油。为了捕获散落的碎片，也可以用真空助力器座。对于磨床，另外一个安全问题是工件架的调整和每个轮子顶部的外围构件的可调的舌键或末端。

8、The construction industry is economically important as it typically contributes 10 percent of a

developing country’s GNP. It is also very hazardous with almost six times as many fatalities and

twice as many injuries per hour worked relative to a manufacturing industry. A researcher analyses

739 construction fatalities that occurred in the UK. He found that 52 percent occurred due to falls

from roofs, scaffolds and ladders. Falling objects and

material were involved in 19.4 percent of the

deaths and transportation equipment were involved in 18.5 percent. He also found that 5 percent of

construction accidents occur during excavation work.

建筑工业在经济上是非常重要的，每年为发展中国家的国民生产总值(gross national product)贡献10个百分点。同样，它也是非常危险的，平均每小时造成的死亡率高达制造业的6倍，伤害率高达2倍。有研究者分析了英国739个建筑死亡事件，发现52%是由于从房顶、脚手架和梯子上跌落引起的。掉落的物体和材料占了死亡总数的19.4%，运输设备占18.5%。同时他还发现5%的建筑事故发生在开挖施工中。

9、Noise is a serious hazard when it results in temporary or permanent hearing loss, physical or

mental disturbance, any interference with voice communications, or the disruption of a job, rest,

relaxation, or sleep. Noise is any undesired sound and is usually a sound that bears no information

with varying intensity. It interferes with the perception of wanted sound, and is likely to be harmful,

cause annoyance, and/or interfere with speech.

如果噪声能够引起暂时性或者永久性失聪，身体或精神障碍，干扰语音通讯，或者工作、休息、娱乐或者睡眠中断，那就是一种重大危险源。噪音是指任何不希望存在的声音，通常是一种不承载任何信息的强度多变的声音。它会干扰人们对正常声音的感知，并且很可能是有害的，会导致人的烦躁，干扰人的谈话。

10、Safety has been intentionally integrated into the design and development of many systems. In

some instances, however, the safety realized in a system was only a byproduct of good engineering

practice. As systems have become more complex and expensive, safety problems have become more

acute. Because of accelerating technology and demands for a “first time safe” operation, a need has

arisen to formally organize safety efforts throughout a system’s life cycle. To meet this need, the

concepts of system safety and the field of system safety engineering have evolved.

安全已经被有意识地整合进许多系统的设计与开发过程中。然而，在某些情况下，系统中所实现的安全仅仅是比较好的工程实践的副产品。随着系统变得更加复杂和昂贵，安全问题也变得日益严重。由于科学技术的快速发展和 “安全第一”的操作需求，需要人们在系统整个寿命周期内规范地组织安全工作。为了满足这种需求，系统安全的概念和系统安全工程领域应运而生。

11、Ergonomic hazards include improperly designed tools or work areas. Improper lifting or reaching,

poor visual conditions, or repeated motions in an awkward position can result in accidents or

illnesses in the occupational environment. Designing the tools and the job to be done to fit the worker

should be of prime importance.

人机工程危险源包括设计不合理的工具或者工作区域。职业环境中不恰当的举高或者伸展，很差的目视环境，或者在不方便的位置上的重复运动，可能引起事故或者疾病。所以对工具和要完成的工作进行设计以适应工人是最重要的。