2023年12月22日发(作者：传真机如何发送传真)
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERINGWhat it isHow to do itandHow to measure itBenoit Cushman-RoisinENGS-21 / ENGS-376 November 2009When we see these things,
don’t we need to rethink engineering?Problems are all around us,
on land, in water and in the air.
And those are only the visible ones…1
Engineering has spurred and led the industrial revolution.
But, in the process it has created important classes of problems,
including:•Human exposure to toxicsin food, air, water and soil•Rising demand for energyfor transport, manufacturing,
heating & cooling•Depletion of non-renewable resources(petroleum, metals, phosphorus)•Excessive demand for waterfor homes, agriculture, and industry•Rising demand for landfor housing, food production, and
economic activities (production, retail, transportation)
•Ever increasing number and size of landfills•Ecosystem damage and habitat loss due to pollutantdischarges•Impact on global climate…and the “litany”goes on.2
Definition of Environmental Technology(according to Bridge to a Sustainable Future,Clinton White House, April 1995)An environmental technology is a technology that
-reduces human and ecological risks
(better for us and nature, during production),-enhances cost effectiveness
(market competitive),-improves process efficiency
(more with less material and less energy), and
-creates products and processes that are environmentally beneficial or benign(better for us and nature, during use and at disposal).3
There is currently no accepted definition of Sustainable Engineering,
but the concept may be encapsulated as follows:►Engineering in context►Engineering with a conscience►Engineering for a finiteplanet and the indefinitefuture►Engineering in contextEngineers must “solve problems holistically”+ 17 guidelines(Institute of professional Engineers of New Zealand –2004)Engineers must “solve problems holistically and proactively”+ 8 principles(Engineers Australia –2005)Engineers must “consider true life-cycle costs”(Canadian Society for Civil Engineering –2006)4
►Engineering with a conscience“Engineers should take greater responsibility for shaping the sustainable future
and must commit to: ethics, international cooperation, …”(Shanghai Declaration on Engineering and Sustainable DevelopmentWorld Federation of Engineering Organizations –2004)“In our every deliberation we must consider the impact of our decisions on the
next seven generations”–from the Great Law of the Iroquois Confederacy and
used as lead inspiration by the Seventh Generation Company.►Engineering for a finiteplanet and the indefinitefuture(and no the other way round!)EconomyProfitEcologyPlanetEquityPeople3E’sor 3P’s5
Traditional Engineering:Sustainable Engineering:•Considers the object•Considers the systemin which
the object will be used•Focuses on technical issues•Integrates technical and non-technical issues•Solves the immediate problem (now)•Strives to solve the problem for
the indefinite future (for ever)•Considers the local context (user)•Considers the global context
(planet)•Assumes others will deal with
•Acknowledges the need for
politics, ethics & societal issuesengineers to interact with experts
in other disciplines related to the
problemThree main challenges:1. What are the main principlesof Sustainable Engineering
and how can they be applied to solve the problems?2. Where should the boundarieslie? Boundaries are critical becausethe wrong scale can hide critical : switching from steel to lightweight composite in an automobilecan boost fuel efficiency but break the recycling , it would seem that the wider the better, but how wide?3. How can Sustainable Engineering be taughtto the next generationof engineers? Modules in existing courses? New courses?
New curriculum?6
The 12 Principles of Green Engineering(by Anastas& Zimmerman, Environmental Science & Technology, 1 March 2003)1. Apply green chemistry2. Prevent rather than treat consequences3. Design for separation4. Maximize mass, energy, space and time efficiency5. “Out-pulled”rather than “input-pushed”6. View complexity as an investment rather than a complication7. Durability rather than obsolescence8. Meet need without excess9. Minimize material diversity10. Integrate local material and energy flows11. Design for commercial “after-life”12. Renewable and readily available.A few examples of Sustainable Engineering (SE):The Navajo Bridge in Arizona:
Simple bridge across Marble Canyon but fierce opposition from local
native tribe and Bureau of Land ManagementSolution:-Talk with all entities involvedbeforedesigning anything-Design with these constraintsin mind: respect for land,
functionality, long term,
aesthetics, etc.(/eihd/)The new Navajo Bridge in Grand Canyon National Park is the only crossing of the Colorado River
for a stretch of 600 miles. The $15 million steel arch bridge carries traffic across Marble Canyon,
470 feet above the Colorado River. The 1929 Navajo Bridge remains a pedestrian bridge. High
strength steel was used in the new bridge in order to be visually compatible with the historic
pedestrian bridge and its setting.
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Designing a new computer infrastructure:-Traditional engineering:Focus on performance-Sustainable Engineering:
How will widespread use
impact electricity demand
and electronics recycling?(/pics/campus/images/)Designing a new arsenic-based wood preservative:-Traditional engineering:How effective is it in my wood product?-Sustainable Engineering:
How will wide use affect the
construction industry?How will the chemical affect
demolition waste/recycling?(Photo: BeaucheminLumber)8
-Traditional engineering:How can I make a tire that better
resists sand abrasion and heat?-Sustainable Engineering:
Where will all the rubber for this
come from?Where will all these tires go
at the end of their useful life?Some tools are already available:-Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs)-Pollution Prevention (P2)-Design for Environment (DfE)-Life-cycle Assessment (LCA)-Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED)…and more tools could be developed:-Total Cost Accounting-Sustainability Indicators (Walmartmaking a start!9
Eco-Industrial Parks:Basic idea: Mimic nature by gathering industrial activities in one location to
promote interactions and close-loop practices, like in natural s
thinking
required !Flow resources in the
integrated biosystemof MontfordBoys’Town in Suva, FijiPollution Prevention:Basic idea: Avoid waste pollution in the first place, as much as possible3P at 3MPollution Prevention Pays,since 197510
Example from 3M: The manufacture of Scotch®tapeprimeradhesiveplastic filmprimerbacking4 layers, each using a solvent for its application !One of 3M’s primary strategies for continuing to reduce air emissions has been the
development of solventlesstechnologies, for a variety of products including new processes are hot-melt technology, ultraviolet curing and caustic wash
for Environment:Basic idea: Include environmental considerations at the very beginning ofthe design process, together with performance, manufacturability, cost and
erations:-Less material-Less material variety-Recycled materials-Recyclable materials-Ease of disassembly-Less energy consumption-Longevity-Modularityetc.11
Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA):Basic idea: Consider the entire product
cycle from cradle to grave (procurement
of raw materials, manufacture,
distribution, use and disposal)Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED):Basic idea: Guidelines to build “green”buildingsThe Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design(LEED) Green Building Rating System™is
the nationally accepted benchmark for the design,
construction, and operation of high performance
green buildings.
Rendering of new Life Sciences CenterLEED gives building owners and operators the tools
at Dartmouth Collegethey need to have an immediate and measurable
now under constructionimpact on their buildings’ promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability by recognizing
performance in five key areas of human and environmental health:sustainable site
development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor
environmental provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting success for every building
type and phase of a building lifecycle.12
Well, that was all about HOWto design and build , WHATshould we actually build?What should be our priorities?To start answering this last question, let us consider where thebiggest impacts are. A good place to start is energy , energy consumption is related to many environmental
problems, some upstream (depletion of non-renewable energy
sources & oil spills) and some downstream (air pollution and
greenhouse gases).
Energy consumption thus serves as a good proxy for overall
environmental impact.A look at how we
consume energy in the
United States is quite
things stand out:-Heating of buildings-Road transportation.13
A regenerative building?Want to know more about this?
Take ENGS-44 “Sustainable Design”A zero-emissions city on the desert: Madar–Abu DhabiConstruction cost of city:$22 billionCompletion date:2016
Area:2.3 square miles
Population:50,000 residents and 40,000
commuters
Office space:65 million square feet
Estimated temperature:20 degrees cooler
than the surrounding desert
Resources used compared with a city of
similar size:60% less water, 75% less
electricity, and 98% less landfill space
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A “green”vehicle?One answer: Fuel-cell engines
with a hydrogen economy(/meet-aae/grove2005/)Want to know more about this? Take ENGS-171 “Industrial Ecology”Measuring the
environmental impacts
of your designs:A basic life-cycle approach15
Charts of OkalamillipointsAn application example
of the Okalamethod:Button ?16
So, which one is better for the environment?A closing thought:Engineering is not just an activity, it is a profession.A profession rises above an occupational specialty by including both-the cultivation of specialized knowledge, and
-the use of that knowledge toward the “Common Good”.(Daniel R. Lynch, 2006)Reminder: Thayer School exists …to prepare the most capable and faithful for the
most responsible positions and the most difficult
service. —SylvanusThayer
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