2024年3月31日发(作者：)

心血管内科常用英文

Symptoms 症状

chest distress胸闷

dyspnoea呼吸困难：paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea

breathlessness 气促

a poor effort tolerance

cough咳嗽

palpitation 心悸

precordial chest pain心前区胸痛

retrosternally chest pain 胸骨后胸痛

precipitation by exertion, promptly relief by rest or sublingual nitrate

a sense of oppression or tightness in the chest - like a band around the chest

patients may close a hand around the throat ,put a hand or clenched fist on

the sternum

may radiate to the neck or jar, accompanied by discomfort in the

arms(referred pain)

occasionally epigastric or interscapular 上腹部的/肩胛间的

sense of impending death 濒死感

autonomic disturbance including sweating, nausea, vomiting

Signs 体征

Vital signs 生命体征

blood pressure (systolic/diastolic, pulse pressure

压):hypertension/hypotension

pulse rate 脉律: regular/irregular

dropped beat脉搏短绌

respitatory rate : tachypnea呼吸急促/ respiration ceases呼吸停止

temperature: fever /clammy peripheries 四肢湿冷

cyanosis 发绀

脉

loss of consciousness，unconsciousness意识丧失

tic of limbs四肢抽搐

gatism，urinary and fecal incontinence大小便失禁

cardiac apex (4/5th ICS-MCL or displaced laterally) 心尖

palpable lift

thrill 震颤

cardiac dilatation心脏扩大

large right atrium 右房大

dilated left ventricle 左室大

beats per minute ,bpm (heart rate) 心率: tachycardia/bradycardia,

regular/irregular rhythm

heart sounds: S1,S2,S3,S4

gallop奔马律, systolic click收缩期卡嗒音, opening snap(二尖瓣)开瓣音,

pericardial knock 心包叩击音

heart murmur 心脏杂音

systolic/diastolic/continous

grade 1-5

crescendo/decrescendo 递增/递减

radiation

location

pitch音调

quality 性质

pericardial friction rub， pericardial rub心包摩擦音

inspiratory crepitations over the lung bases, basal crackles 肺底湿啰音

wheezing rale 哮鸣音

cardiomegaly 心脏肥大

elevated venous pressure

distention of jugular vein，jugular filling，jugular varicosity颈静脉怒张/充盈

hepatojugular reflux sign肝颈静脉回流征

ascites 腹水

edema of lower extremity下肢水肿

Hypertensive disease高血压病

sphygmomanometer；blood pressure gauge，BPG血压计

stethoscope听诊器

hypertension

primary hypertension

secondary hypertension

chronic kidney disease, CKD

drugs: non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug，NSAID非甾体类抗炎药

glucocorticosteroids糖皮质激素

mineral corticoid ，MCH盐皮质激素

oral contraceptives口服避孕药

adrenomimetic拟肾上腺素药

monoamine oxidase inhibitor单胺氧化酶抑制剂

tricyclic antidepressant;TCA三环类抗抑郁药

immunodepressant免疫抑制剂（如ciclosporin环孢素）

erythropoietin， EPO 促红细胞生成素

hyperthyrea, hyperthyroidism, hyperthyrosis甲状腺功能亢进

primary hyperaldosteronism原发性醛固酮增多症

adrenal cortical hyperplasia肾上腺皮质增生症

chromaffin-cell tumor，chromaffinom，medullosuprarenoma，

phaeochromocytoma，PCC嗜铬细胞瘤

sleep apnea syndrome睡眠呼吸暂停综合征

diabetes mellitus糖尿病

coarctation of aorta，COA主动脉缩窄

white coat hypertension

isolated systolic hypertension 单纯收缩期高血压

hypertensive emergencies 高血压急症

hypertensive urgencies 高血压亚急症

hypertensive crisis 高血压危象

hypertensive encephalopathy 高血压性脑病

The coronary circulation

left anterior descending artery,LAD

left circumflex coronary artery, LCX

right coronary artery, RCA

Coronary artery disease;coronary heart disease，CAD,CHD冠心病

atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化

atheromatous plaques 动脉粥样斑块

plaque rupture 斑块破裂

angina pectoris 心绞痛

stable angina pectoris 稳定性心绞痛

variant angina pectoris 变异性心绞痛

silent myocardial ischemia 无症状心肌缺血（latent coronary heart disease 隐匿

性冠心病）

myocardial bridging 心肌桥

post-infarction angina pectoris 梗死后心绞痛

acute coronary syndrome，ACS 急性冠脉综合征

unstable angina pectoris ,UAP 不稳定心绞痛

rest 静息型 , new/initial初发型，accelerated 恶化型

acute myocardial infarction ,AMI 急性心肌梗死

non-ST segment elevation MI, NSTEMI

ST segment elevation MI， STEMI

sudden cardiac death, SCD 心脏性猝死

dysfunction/rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能不全/断裂

rupture of chordae tendineae腱索断裂

rupture of the heart ,cardiac rupture心脏破裂

embolism 栓塞（systemic体循环的）

cardiac aneurysm 心脏室壁瘤

postinfarction syndrome 心肌梗死后综合征

Four chambers: left/right atrium/ventricle 心房/心室 （atrial 心房的,ventricular

心室的）

atrial septum房间隔 interventricular septum 室间隔

Cardiac insufficiency心功能不全，heart failure 心衰

compensated/overt heart failure 代偿性/显性心衰

congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭

acute/chronic left-sided heart failure 急/慢性左心衰竭

intractable heart failure难治性心衰

systolic/diastolic insufficiency heart failure收缩/舒张功能不全的心衰

The electrical conduction system

sinoatrial node

His bundle

right and left bundles

left anterior and posterior hemibundles

Purkinje network

Arrhythmia 心律失常

triggered activity 触发活动

re-entry 折返

afterdepolarization 后除极

sinus bradycardia/ tachycardia窦性心动过缓/心动过速

sinus pause (sinus arrest)窦性停搏（窦性静止）

sinoatrial block (Wenckebach 文氏，Mobitz莫氏)

sick sinus syndrome(SSS) 病态窦房结综合征：bradycardia-tachycardia

syndrome

atrial premature beats 房性期前收缩

atrial tachycardia(automatic, reentrant,chaotic) (自律性，折返性，紊乱性)房性心

动过速

atrial flutter, AFL

atrial fibrillation ,AF

premature atrioventricular junctional beats 房室交界性期前收缩

AV junctional escape beats 逸搏

paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia,PSVT阵发性室上性心动过速

atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, AVNRT

atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, AVRT

preexcitation syndrome (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome)

premature ventricular beat

ventricular tachycardia，VT (multiforme多形性，multifocal 多源性)

accelerated idioventricular rhythm 加速性室性自主节律

torsades de pointes ,TDP尖端扭转

ventricular flutter

ventricular fibrillation

atrioventricular block, AVB

Adame-Strokes syndrome 阿-斯综合征

intraventricular block

left bundle branch block, LBBB

left anterior fascicular block, LAFB

left posterior fascicular block, LPFB

right bundle branch block, RBBB

bifascicular block 双分支传导阻滞

trifascicular block 三分支传导阻滞

Valvular disease of the heart，VDH, valvular heart disease心脏瓣膜病

mitral/tricuspid/aortic/pulmonary valve disease 二尖瓣/三尖瓣/主动脉瓣/肺动

脉瓣疾病

acute/chronic mitral stenosis/incompetence/ insufficiency 狭窄/关闭不全

rheumatic fever 风湿热

rheumatic carditis 风湿性心脏炎

Infective endocarditis ,IE 感染性心内膜炎

acute/ subacute, native/prothetic/right heart IE 自体瓣膜/人工瓣膜

clinical/fever thermometer体温计

Cardiomyopathy 心肌病

dilated cardiomyopathy, DCM

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM (asymmetric septal 非对称性室间隔肥厚)

restrictive cardiomyopathy, RCM

arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy ,ARVC 致心律失常性右室心肌

病

speciflc cardiomyopathy 特异性心肌病

ischemic cardiomyopathy 缺血性心肌病

diabetic cardiomyopathy 糖尿病性心肌病

alcoholic cardiomyopathy 酒精性心肌病

peripartum cardiomyopathy 围生期心肌病

cardiac amyloidosis 心脏淀粉样变性

drug-induced cardiomyopathy 药物性心肌病

Keshan disease 克山病，endemic cardiomyopathy 地方性心肌病

unclassified cardiomyopathy 未分类心肌病

pericardium心包

cardiopericarditis，cardipericarditis，pericarditis心包炎

hydropericardium，pericardial effusion，pericardial fluid心包积液

constrictive pericarditis缩窄性心包炎

Congenital heart/cardiovascular disease先天性心脏病/心血管病，CHD

atrial septal defect ASD

ventricular septal defect,VSD

patent ductus ateriosus, PDA

tetralogy of fallot, TOF

Eisenmenger’s syndrome

coarctation of the aorta

pulmonic stenosis 肺动脉狭窄

primary pulmonary hypertension

dextrocardia右位心

complete transposition of the great vessels 完全性大血管错位

Disease of blood vessel，vascular disease，angiopathy血管疾病

aortic dissection主动脉夹层

primary arteritis or the aorta and its main branches 多发性大动脉炎

peripheral arteriosclerosis obliterans 闭塞性周围动脉硬化

thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger disease) 闭塞性血栓性脉管炎（Buerger病）

thrombophlebitis血栓性静脉炎

superficial thrombophlebitis 血栓性浅静脉炎

deep venous thrombosis 深静脉血栓形成

superior vena cava obstruction syndrome 上腔静脉阻塞综合征

Cardiac arrest 心脏骤停

cardiogenic shock 心源性休克

syncope 晕厥

vasovagal syncope, VVS 血管迷走性晕厥

postural hypotension体位性低血压

Cardiogenic syncope心源性晕厥

transient ischemic attack, TIA 短暂性缺血发作

syndrome X X综合征

cardiac neurosis 心脏神经官能症

Tests 常用检查

electrolyte disturbance: hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hypomagnesaemia,

hyperkalaemia

aterial blood gas analysis: acidosis /alkalosis碱中毒（metabolic代谢性，

respiratory呼吸性）

hyperlipoidemia高脂血症：hypertriglyceridemia高甘油三酯血症 triglyceride 甘

油三酯

hypercholesterolemia高胆固醇血症 cholesterol胆固醇

plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration

lipoprotein（a）, LP 脂蛋白

Apo, apopoprotein 载脂蛋白

enzymogram/zymogram of the cardiac muscle 心肌酶谱

CK-MB , MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase 心肌型肌酸激酶同功酶

AST, aspartate aminotransferase天冬氨酸转氨酶

LDH, lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶

myohemoglobin 肌红蛋白

troponin T and I 肌钙蛋白

brain natriuretic peptide,BNP 脑钠肽

blood culture

chest radiograph：cardiothoracic ration < 0.5

electrocardiography, ECG 心电图

standard 12-lead ECG (limb leads, chest leads)

exercise/stress ECG 负荷心电图

Holter ECG monitoring, ambulatory ECG 动态心电图

T wave flattening or inversion

reversible ST segment depression/elevation (planar, downsloping,upsloping)

wide QRS complex

pathologic Q wave

late ventricular potential, LVP 心室晚电位

T wave electrical alternations T波电交替

upright tilt-table testing, head-up tilt testing 直立倾斜试验

cardiac electrophysiologic study心电生理检查：programmed electrical

stimulation

sinus node recovery time, SNRT 窦房结恢复时间

sinoatrial conduction time ,SACT 窦房结传导时间

echocardiography 超声心动图

two-dimensional echocardiography

Doppler echocardiography

color Doppler flow imaging

Doppler tissue imaging 多普勒组织成像技术

transesophageal echocardiography经食管超声心动图

intravascular ultrasound血管内超声

stress echocardiography 负荷心超图

ejection fraction (0.50-0.75)

ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 动态血压监测

coronary angiography 冠脉造影

cardiac catheterization 心导管术

cardiac radionuclide (blood pool) scanning

Management 处理

avoid a high dietary salt intake

avoid severe exertion and vigorous exercise

avoid a heavy meal or very cold water

avoid agitation情绪激动

stop smoking ，alcohol withdrawal

keep bowels open通便: lactulose乳果糖，Bisacody便塞停，senna

leaves;sennae,folium番泻叶

analgesia镇痛：morphine吗啡， meperidine，pethidine哌替啶

take sublingual nitrate before undertaking exertion thar may induce angina

interventional therapy for cardiovascular diseases 介入治疗

radiofrequency catheter ablation ,RFCA经导管射频消融

coronary revascularization therapy冠脉血运重建术；reperfusion therapy 再灌

注治疗

percutaneous coronary intervention ,PCI 经皮冠脉介入治疗

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, PTCA 经皮腔内冠脉成形术

percutaneous intracoronary stent implantation 经皮冠脉内支架植入术

thrombolysis溶栓：urokinase, UK尿激酶

rt-PA重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂

coronary artery bypass graft ,CABG 冠脉旁路手术

great saphenous vein 大隐静脉

internal mammary artery 内乳动脉

percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty ,PBMV 经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术

artifical cardiac pacing 人工心脏起搏

persistent/temporary,biatrial/biventricular

antitachycardia pacing 抗心动过速起搏ATP

cardioversion 心脏电复律

：

defibrillation 电除颤

thumpversion 捶击复律

implantable cardioverter defibrillator, ICD 置入型心律转复除颤器

cardiac resynchronization therapy, CRT 心脏再同步化治疗

heart transplantation

combined heart and lung transplantation心肺联合移植

percutaneous pericardiocentesis 心包穿刺术

常用药物

vasodilator血管扩张剂（phlebectasis静脉扩张，arteriectasis动脉扩张）

nitrate-based vasodilating agents 硝酸酯类血管扩张剂

nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油

sodium nitroprusside 硝普钠

isosorbide dinitrate 硝酸异山梨酯，消心痛

diuretics

thiazide diuretic：hydrochlorothiazide 双氢克尿塞（氢氯噻嗪）

loop diuretic：furosemide呋塞米，速尿, bumetanide布美他尼

torasemide托拉塞米，特苏尼

potassium-sparing diuretic: antisterone, Spironolactone螺内酯，安体舒通

inotropic agent 正性肌力药

digitalis preparation洋地黄类：digoxin地高辛，cedilanid，lanatoside C西地兰

adrenergic receptor stimulant: dopamine多巴胺，dobutamine 多巴酚丁胺

adrenaline肾上腺素isopropylnoradrenalin异丙肾上腺素

phosphodiesterase inhibitor 磷酸二酯酶抑制剂：Milrinone 米力农

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, RAAS肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统

angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ,ACEI 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂

angiotensin-II antagonist/receptor blocker

aldosterone antagonist 醛固酮拮抗剂

beta adrenergic receptor blocker(beta blockers)

calcium channel blocker, CCB

antiarrhythmic drug

lidocaine 利多卡因

propafenone 普罗帕酮，心律平

amiodarone 胺碘酮，可达龙

propranolol 普萘洛尔，心得安

verapamil 维拉帕米，异搏定

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors： simvastatin 辛伐他汀，舒降之

atorvastatin 阿托伐他汀，立普妥

fluvastatin 氟伐地汀,来适可

antiplatelet drugs：aspirin 阿司匹林

clopidogrel氯吡格雷,波利维

tirofiban 替罗非班，欣维宁

anticoagulation drugs

subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin