2024年3月31日发(作者：)

Part One

Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the

Office of Strategic Services in World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated

with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of

espionage — spying as a "profession." These days the Net, which has already re-made such

everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.

The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail.

That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the

World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it

"open source intelligence," and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995

the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a

large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage

was its mastery of the electronic world.

Among this firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private

intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of

spying （covering nations from Chile to Russia）to corporations like energy-services firm

McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at .

Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually

reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week

his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis

in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from

Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of

them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good

information from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep.

Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have

military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success.

Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies

avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes

pride in its independent voice.

1. The emergence of the Net has ________.

[A] received support from fans like Donovan. [B] remolded the intelligence services.

[C] restored many common pastimes. [D] revived spying as a profession.

2. Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to ________.

[A] introduce the topic of online spying. [B] show how he fought for the U.S.

[C] give an episode of the information war. [D] honor his unique services to the CIA.

3. The phrase "making the biggest splash" （line 1, paragraph 3）most probably means ________.

[A] causing the biggest trouble. [B] exerting the greatest effort.

[C] achieving the greatest success. [D] enjoying the widest popularity.

4. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that ________.

[A] Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true.

[B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.

[C] Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability.

[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.

5. Straitford is most proud of its ________.

[A] official status. [B] nonconformist image. [C] efficient staff. [D] military

background.

Unit 10（2003） Part 1

重点词汇：

1. spymaster 即spy+master，间谍大王、间谍组织首脑。

2. strategic （战略的；对全局起关键作用的）为strategy（战略，策略）的形容词形式，-ic

为形容词后缀。strategy and tactics 战略与战术；a global strategy 全球战略。Worry more about

implementation than strategy — it's harder to do.更多地为贯彻落实而非战略本身操心——这

样做更难。

3. lay the roots for 扎根于。

4. fascinate（使着迷，强烈地吸引），去e加名词后缀-ion即为fascination（入迷；诱惑力），

去e加形容词后缀-ing即为fascinating（迷人的），另可记fascism（法西斯主义），fascist（法

西斯主义的；法西斯主义者）。

5. espionage（间谍活动）即esp（i）+ion+age，espi即espy（窥探←e-=ex-出来+spy窥探），

-ion与-age皆名词后缀，表“活动”。

6. revolution （革命；旋转）是revolve（使旋转）的名词形式，“旋转”入“革命”的漩

涡。revolve即re+volve，re-反复，volve词根“卷”，于是“反复卷”→旋转。

7. give birth to 分娩；产生；造成。He gave birth to a brilliant idea.他想到一个绝妙的主意。

8. spook（幽灵；间谍）可看作sp（y）+o（o）+ok→“幽灵”级的“间谍”窥探（spy）

只用两只眼睛（oo）就ok了。spook — something everyone is afraid of and no one believes in

幽灵——人人害怕，却没人相信的东西。

9. intelligence（智力；情报）即intel+lig+ence，intel-即inter-（前缀，意为“在„„之间”

=between，因后接l，故r变形为l），lig词根意为“选择”=lect（i与e元音可替换，ct=G

←G就是由一个大C与一个小T组成的），-ence名词后缀，故“从中挑选出所需之物的能

力”→智力；“从中挑选出来的东西”→情报。intelligent（聪明的）←intel+lig+ent形容词后

缀；intelligible（可理解的，易懂的）←intel+lig+ible形容词后缀。

10. influential （有影响的；有权势的）即in+flu+ential，in-前缀意为“到里面”=into，flu

词根意为“流”=flow（flu作单词时意为“流感”，即“流行性感冒”），-ential形容词后缀，

故“能流到心里面的”→有影响的。名词与动词形式都是influence←in+flu+ence后缀。

11. compile （编辑；搜集）即com+pile，com-前缀“一起”，pile堆，故“把文字堆在一

起”→编辑；“把资料堆在一起”→搜集。compiler（编辑）←compil（e）+er表“人”；compilation

（编纂）←compil（e）+ation名词后缀表“做法”。

12. splash（n.v.溅）为拟声词。make a splash 炫耀财富；Diplomacy — the art of jumping into

trouble without making a splash.外交——纵身跃入麻烦而不溅起水花的艺术。

13. prediction （预言，预测）即pre+dict+ion，pre-前缀表“在前”，dict词根意为“说”，

-ion名词后缀，故“在事情发生前就说的”→预言，动词为predict←pre+dict。

14. available （可用的，可得到的）。OpportUnity is available for everyone, but many of them

didn't know they had met with it.人人都能得到机遇，但是不少人不知道自己遇到过它。

15. mutually （相互地）可看作mut（e）+ual+ly，mute（哑的），-ual形容词后缀，-ly副

词后缀，哑巴之间说话只能靠“相互地”交换手势，形容词为mutual（相互的）。

16. reinforce（增援，加强）即re+inforce，re-前缀“再”=again，inforce即enforce（加强），

故“再次加强”→加强。reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土。

17. distribution （分发）即dis+tribut+ion，dis-前缀“分离”=aPart，tribut词根“给”，-ion

名词后缀，故“给出去”→分发。Of great riches there is no real use, except it be in the distribution.

巨大的财富除了散布，没有真正的用途。

18. dramatic（戏剧性的；引人注目的；剧烈的）即drama+tic，drama戏剧、剧本，-tic形

容词后缀，表“具„„性质”。

19. take pride in 以„„为骄傲。

20. emergence （显现）为emerge的名词形式

21. revive （v.恢复；复苏）即re+vive，re-前缀“回”，vive词根“活的”，故“回到活的

状态”→复苏。

22. nonconformist （不合传统规范的；不合传统规范的人）即non-（前缀，“不”）+conform

（遵循）+ist（“„„的”或“„„的人”）。

难句解析：

①The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War Ⅱ and later

laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.

本句的主干结构是The American spymaster was fascinated with information。spymaster的后边

是一个定语从句，定语从句里包含由and连接的两个并列句。

本句一共出现了三个动词，分别是built、laid和was fascinated。应该注意体会它们的逻辑关

系。本句的谓语动词是was fascinated，应该首先把它找出来。built和laid处于并列关系，

它们的主语是spymaster。

②These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and

sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.

句子的主干是the Net is reshaping Donovan's vocation。两个逗号之间是一个非限定性定语从

句，用来补充说明the Net。

本句应该重点体会逗号在阅读当中的一个用法。两个逗号之间是补充说明成分时，在阅读过

程中可以先跳过不读。这样的话可以较迅速地把握出该句的主干结构。

③The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solution,

whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.

本句的主干结构是The winner was a tiny Virginia company。company的后边有一个过去分词

短语和一个定语从句一同修饰它。

应该重点体会company后边的修饰成分，紧随company之后的是一个过去分词短语作它的

后置定语，同时还有一个whose引导的定语从句，也用来限定修饰company。

④Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies

avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.

此处的whereby非常于by which、by what，即“凭什么”。所以本句的主干部分是逗号前边

的部分，逗号的后边进一步补充说明。on the chance的意思是也许能够（做到某事）、希望

能够（做到某事），后边频繁接that引导的从句。

本句应该重点体会whereby以及on the chance的用法。back-and-forthing在此处应译为“往

来公文”。

试题解析：

这是一篇说明性的文章，介绍了互联网技术对情报行业的影响。文章第一段便指出，互

联网在改变情报行业。第二段进一步说明互联网促使了一种新的情报行业的诞生，运用互联

网技术可以获取更多的情报。接下来，作者以Straitford企业为例，介绍该企业如何将网络

技术运用于情报工作以及该企业的一些经营理念。整篇文章通俗易懂，虽存在个别生词，但

学员可以通过上下文猜测出词义。

基于这篇文章的5道小题考查的范围覆盖了全文，既考查了学员理解具体资讯的能力，

也考查了学员推测词义、推理引申的能力。5道小题难度适中。

1. 【正确答案】 [B]

该小题考查的是学员是否理解了第一段内容，特别是最后一句话。

那句话是：“These days the Net, which has re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books

and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.”。其中，“Donovan's vocation”指的

就是“spying”，也就是“intelligence services”（情报行业）。关键在于对“reshape”一词的

理解，它的含义是“改造”。

理解了以上这两点就能选出正确答案B。其实B选项就是原文的另一种表述方法。但

是，此题只有28.7％的学员选出了正确案，答对率不高。

更多的学员选择的是D。选错的缘故可能在于学员对“reshape”与“revive”的词义差

别区分不清。“revive”一词的含义是“to come or bring back into use or existence”（<使>复兴，

<使>复活），暗含的意思是某事物已不存在或已丧失作用。第一段并没有提到间谍行业曾经

消失的资讯，从第二段中我们了解到互联网推动了情报行业的成长，也没有找到任何关于情

报行业曾经中断的内容，所以D选项的说法是不正确的。

C选项也不正确，关键也在于“re-make”与“restore”的差别。“restore”的含义有：（1）

“bring back into existence or use”（该义项与“revive”相近）；（2）“bring back to an original

condition”（恢复到过去的状态）。原文说的是，互联网改变了人们日常生活的方法，如：买

书，发邮件等。人们现在可以足不出户，通过网络购书或发电子邮件。因此，无论“restore”

在此取哪一种义项都与原文意思不符。

A选项也是错误的。选择A的学员对第一句话没有理解。第一句话用“would have loved”

虚拟语气说，若Wild Bill Donovan还在世的话，他会爱上互联网的。可见Donovan在世的

时候并没有互联网，从后面的几句话中我们也能证实这一点。所以A选项将Donovan说成

是互联网的爱好者的说法是错误的。

2. 【正确答案】[A]

该小题问作者提起Donovan的目的。

答这类题的时候，学员应从整段或全文的角度去考虑。作者在写文章时举出某个例子时，

这个例子一定是围绕着作者想表达的观点。读懂了细节，弄清了篇章结构能有助于把握文章

主旨，反过来，了解了文章的基本上主题和观点也可帮助我们吃透细节。其实，在篇首对

Donovan的介绍只是一个引子，导出的是作者要谈的主题，即第一段的最后一句话。在后面

的几段中，作者介绍了互联网对情报工作的影响。所以答案是A。有部分学员选择了C，缘

故在于没有理解文章的主题。

3. 【正确答案】[C]

该小题考查的是学员对词组词义的猜测能力。

“make a splash”的含义是“to create a forceful, favorable, and noticeable effect”。即使不

知道这个词组的含义，也可以从下文中推测出：Straitford企业是这个新领域的佼佼者，所

以答案是C。

其他三个选项在文章中找不到依据。

4. 【正确答案】 [D]

该小题考查的是学员的推理、引申能力。

第四段主要讲的是：Friedman将互联网作为一个双向的工具，既用来收集资讯，又用

来发布资讯。然后以乌克兰（Ukraine）的例子说明网络互动的现实作用。A选项的说法没

有根据，因为文中只说了Stfaitford企业作出了关于乌克兰局势的预测，并没有资讯说明预

言是否成真。B选项的说法“Straitford企业确保情报的真实性”与原文意思有些不符。第四

段最后一句说，利用互联网收集情报是有风险的，因为情报的真伪难辨。Straitford企业就

是靠辨别真伪情报吃饭的。从这两句话中可以知道，Straitford企业能提供非常可靠的情报，

但没有保证情报百分之百准确，从常理上说也是不可能的。所以B的说法太绝对。C选项

说的是Straitford企业生意的特点是不可预测性，这种说法在文中也找不到根据。

5. 【正确答案】 [B]

该小题考查的是学员对最后一段内容的理解。

答案可以在最后一句话中找出：“Straitford，says Friedman, takes pride in its independent

voice.”。Straitford企业引以为豪的是其独立的立场。与其他企业不一样，Straitford企业避免

外界的前后。B选项其实就是“independent voice”的另一种说法。其他三个选项或没有说

到点子上或缺乏依据，都是错误的。

全文翻译：

比尔?多诺汶肯定会喜欢网络。这位美国间谍大王对情报着迷，他曾经在第二次世界大

战时建立了战略事务办公室，后来又为中央情报局的成立打下了基础。多诺汶相信，在谍报

职业这个“大游戏”中可以使用任何手段。如今，互联网已经改变了买书和寄信这样的日常

活动，也正在改变多诺汶曾经从事的这个职业。

最近的这次革命性的改变不仅仅是一个人偷看别人的电子邮件的问题，这样的电子间谍

活动已经存在了数十年。在过去的三四年中，国际互联网已经派生出一个可称为点击谍报的

完整的产业。间谍们把它称为“公开来源情报”。随着互联网的增长，这样的情报变得越来

越有影响力。1995年中央情报局举办了一个竞赛，看谁能够收集到关于“布隆迪”的最多

资讯。赢家胜出了一大截，却是弗吉尼亚的一家小企业，名为“公开来源解决方案”，它的

明显优势是它对电子世界的把握。

在这个新的电子世界中最引起轰动的是一个叫司特雷福的企业，它是得克萨斯州奥斯汀

市的一个私营的情报分析企业。该企业的业务是将覆盖全球各个国家的情报销售给“麦克德

莫国际”这样的能源企业。它的不少预测在网上都可以查阅，网址。

该企业的总裁乔治?弗莱德曼说，他把网络世界视为情报收集和情报发布两地方相互增

强的工具，是间谍们的梦想。上周，他的企业正在从远在世界的另一角落收集零散的资讯，

并预测在乌克兰将发生一场危机。“一旦这个报道发布，我们将从乌克兰突然新增500个浏

览用户，”弗莱德曼，一位前政治科学教授说，“我们将听到其中一些人的回应。”当然公开

来源的谍报活动的确有它的风险，因为很难区分正确与错误的资讯。这正是司特雷福企业挣

饭吃的地方。

弗莱德曼只在奥斯汀市雇用了为数不多的雇员。其中的一些有军事情报工作背景。他把

企业的“局外人”地位视为它成功的关键。司特雷福企业的简报听上去不像华盛顿当局常常

提供的躲闪的言辞，政府机构往往避免发布引人注目的言论，因为这些言论可能出错。弗莱

德曼说，司特雷福企业为其独立的声音而感到自豪。

Part Two

To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a

misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical

research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists

need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public

and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights

movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people

understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in

research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.

For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair

was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is

tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted

to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I

would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry,

scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't

understand.

Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable

way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the

connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass

operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal

research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal

research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.

Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own

research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation

go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be

opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the

ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its

cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous

statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good

people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the

precious embers of medical progress.

6. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to ________.

[A] call on scientists to take some actions.

[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.

[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research.

[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement.

7. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is ________.

[A] cruel but natural. [B] inhuman and unacceptable

[C] inevitable but vicious. [D] pointless and wasteful.

8. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's ________.

[A] discontent with animal research. [B] ignorance about medical science.

[C] indifference to epidemics. [D] anxiety about animal rights.

9. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should

_____.

[A] communicate more with the public. [B] employ hi-tech means in research.

[C] feel no shame for their cause. [D] strive to develop new cures.

10. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is ________.

[A] a well-known humanist. [B] a medical practitioner.

[C] an enthusiast in animal rights. [D] a supporter of animal research.

Unit 10 （2003） Part 2

重点词汇：

1. paraphrase（n.v.释意）即para+phrase，para-前缀表“在旁边、辅助”，phrase即“短语；

用短语表达”，故“用短语辅助表达”→释意。以para-为前缀的单词还有paragraph（文章的

段、节；短评）←para+graph写；parameter（参数）←para+meter计量；parasite（寄生虫）

←para+site地点。

2. biomedical （生物医学的）←bio生物+medic医疗+al形容词后缀。

3. respond （v.回复；响应）即re+spond，re-（=back），spond词根“请求”，于是“回复

请求”→响应。

4. advocate?（v.提倡n.倡议者；辩护人）即ad+voc+ate，ad-前缀表“加强”，voc词根意为

“声音”（即voice，因为元音可任意增减替换），-ate为动词后缀（作名词后缀时表“人”）。

5. argument （辩论；论据，论点）为argue（v.辩论；主张）的名词形式。

6. allegation （宣称）即al+leg+ation，al-前缀表“加强”，leg词根意为“说”（如legend

→leg说+end名词后缀表“物”→人们都在说的东西→传奇），-ation名词后缀。allege为其

动词形式。

7. perplex（使困惑，使复杂化）即per+plex，per-前缀表“完全”，plex词根意为“重叠”，

故“完全重叠在一起分不清了”→困惑。同根词为complex→com一起+plex→重叠在一起的

→复杂的；综合的；联合体。

8. brochure（小册子）源自法语，词形与brother相似→兄弟们每人手里拿着本小册子。

9. immunization（免疫作用）←immune（免疫的；免除的），immUnity（免疫；免除），immunize

（使免疫；使免除）。

10. vaccine （疫苗）即vacc（a）+ine，vacca是拉丁文“牛”（开头两字母V和A表带

角牛头），-ine后缀多用于医药名词（如medicine），该词是当初科学家发表“牛痘”论文时

创造的。vaccination （接种疫苗）←vaccin（e）+ation名词后缀。vaccine — a microbe with

its face washed 疫苗——洗过脸的微生物。

11. epidemic （流行的；流行病）与academic形似→学术思潮像流行病一样流行。

12. deceptive （欺骗的，蒙蔽的）→deceive（v.欺骗，蒙蔽）→deception（n.欺骗，蒙蔽）；

类似单词有receptive（善接受的）→receive（v.接收；招待）→reception（接收；招待；招

待会）。

13. ultimate （最终的；根本的），马丁?路德?金（Martin Luther King）说：The ultimate measure

of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at

times of challenge and controversy.衡量一个人的最终尺度，不是看他在舒适顺利的时候站在

哪里，而是看他在受到非难和争议的时候站在哪里。

14. recruit （v.征兵；招募n.新兵；新成员）即re+cruit，re-前缀表“反复”，cruit词根意

为“创造”

15. vicious（邪恶的，恶毒的）即vic（e）+ious，vice即名词“邪恶”，-ious为形容词后缀。

The more virtuous any man is, the less easily does he suspect others to be vicious.任何人越高尚，

就越不容易疑心别人邪恶。

16. ignorance （无知；不知道）即ig+nor（e）+ance，ig-否定前缀，nor词根表“知道”

=know，-ance名词后缀。ignorant（无知的）；ignore（v.忽视）。It is impossible to defeat an ignorant

man in argument.在争论中无法击败无知者。

17. extinguish（v.熄灭，灭绝）→extinct（a.熄灭的，灭绝的），类似的有distinguish（v.区

别，辨别）→distinct（独特的，明显的）。Absence is to love what wind is to fire; it extinguishes

the small, it inflames the great.离别之于爱情有如风之于火，它熄灭小火，却使大火燃烧更旺。

18. bypass 心脏搭桥；

19. ember 灰烬（但火焰尚未完全熄灭），多用复数形式。

难句解析：

① All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.

本句的谓语动词是后边的is。主语中心词是all。all的后边接了一个that引导的定语从句。

谓语动词is的后边是一个表语从句。

此句话不长，但是结构并不简单。要想把意思看透彻应该从抓主干成分开始，然后仔细琢磨

词与词之间的修饰关系。同时还应体会两个that的不一样用法。第一个that在定语从句当中

充当主语，第二个that是引导表语从句的，不充当成分。

② Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are

confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.

逗号的前边是主句，主句可以缩为Scientists need to respond to advocates。逗号的后边是一个

非限定性定语从句，whose指代的是animal rights advocates。and把confusing和threatening

连接了起来。

体会一下thereby的用法。从此句中可以看出thereby并没有连接句子，它是副词，表示“借

以”、“由此”、“在那一点上”、“在那一地方”，非常于by that means、in that connection

③ For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was

distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in

animals — no meat, no fur, no medicines.

本句的主干结构是a woman was distributing a brochure。brochure的后边跟了一个that引导的

定语从句，限定修饰brochure。anything的后边也接一个定语从句限定修饰anything。

staff在此句中作动词使用，意思为provide with、act as。现在分词短语staffing an animal rights

booth作woman的后置定语。

④ To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as

well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.

本句的主干结构在最后一个逗号的后边，即animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at

worst。To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as

well as new treatments and vaccines，此部分的主干成分是to those，those的后边跟了一个who

引导的定语从句。

...at best ...at worst是一个非常地道的英文表达形式，可以译为“往最好的地方看„„往最坏

的地方看„„”。

⑤ Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research commUnity should

actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has

made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical

treatment.

本句是由because连接的两个句子。主句的主干结构是the health research commUnity should

recruit to its cause 。Stephen Cooper的后边接了一个who引导的非限定性定语

从句，用来补充说明他的情况。

本句是本篇文章中最长的一个句子，有一定的难度。阅读的突破点还是应该努力抓其最核心

的主干部分。另外还要抓住 之间的平行结构。

试题解析：

这是一篇论说文。文章的内容基本上是这样的：作者举例说明不少动物权益保护者并不

了解生物医学的真实情况和意思，而一味地反对生物医学，使广大群众也受到了蒙蔽。针对

这一点，作者指出科学家应采取措施与大众多交流，避免由于人们的无知而阻碍了生物医学

的成长。

基于这篇文章的5个小题考查了学员把握文章要义的能力，理解文章结构的能力以及推

理、引申的能力。从学员的答题情况看，这篇文章的题目是四篇文章中最简单的。5个小题

的区分度都较好。

6. 【正确答案】 [A]

该小题问的是作者在篇首引用Edmund Burke的话的含义。

这道题考查了学员对文章主旨要义的理解。篇首的话在篇尾得到了呼应：“If good people

do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious

embers of medical progress.”。一首一尾的呼应突出了这篇文章的中心：呼唤科学家们采取行

动，切勿让人们的无知阻碍了医学的成长。所以应该选A。答对的学员有31.6％，属中等难

度的题目，区分度较好。有43.4％的学员选择了B，错误的缘故在于没有抓住文章的中心要

义。

7. 【正确答案】[B]

该题问的是受误导的人们是怎样看待用动物做试验的。

从前两段和第三段的最后一句中，我们了解到，受到误导的人们认为用动物做研究是残

酷的、不可思议的。四个选项中，B最符合原文。

A项中提到了“cruel”，但是“natural”不对，正相反，人们认为那是非常不合情理的C

项说的是“不可避免的，但含有恶意的”，也不正确。D项说的是“毫无意思，浪费的”。现

实上，人们的反对态度很强烈。D项虽无原则上的错误，但是不如B项更贴近原文意思。

8. 【正确答案】[B]

该题主要是考查学员是否理解论据在文章中的作用，是否能从众多资讯中找出作者的观

点。这个例子不难理解，说的是一位老太太向大家散发传单，号召大家不要用任何来自于动

物或在动物身上试验过的东西。当问及是否反对使用疫苗时，老太大并不知道疫苗是从动物

研究中得来的。她认为，若疫苗也来源于动物，那么就不应使用疫苗，流行病自有科学家们

用计算机来解决。可见老太太对科学的无知。而她的这种无知是很通通的。第二段最后一句

话感叹：“Such well-meaning people just don't understand.”（这些好心人压根就不明白）。所以

答案为B。

有部分学员选择了A，我们一起看一下A为什么不对。A说的是公众对动物试验的不

满。的确，人们很反感用动物做试验，但是，老太太的例子就是为了说明这一点吗？这个论

据反映的是什么论点呢？学员可以从全文的角度看。文章的重点不在描写公众有多愤怒，而

在于指出公众不满的根源——对医学研究不了解，然后呼唤科学家们针对这个根源采取行

动。所以老太太的例子反映的是公众的无知。A不正确。C、D也是类似错误。

9. 【正确答案】 [A]

该题考查的是学员对作者观点的理解，解题线索可在最后两段中找出。作者向科学家们

提出的建议都是有助于他们与公众更好的交流。答案很明显，是A。

10. 【正确答案】 [D]

该题考查学员的推理能力。

从最后一段，我们可以找到线索：“Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders

Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of ”。从

这句话中，我们知道Cooper是个名人，也是病患者，他曾经高度赞扬过动物研究的价值。

所以，我们可以推断出他是支持动物研究的。答案是D。

全文翻译：

18世纪政治家埃德蒙?柏克曾说过类似这样的话，“一个被误导的事业如果要成功，它

惟一需要的是好人无所作为”。一个这样的事业现在正在寻求终止生物医学的研究，因为有

这样一种理论说，动物享有权利禁止它们被用于实验。科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者做出强

有力的回应，因为他们的言论混淆了公众的视听，从而威胁到卫生知识和卫生服务的进步。

动物权利运动的领导者将矛头指向生物医学研究，缘故在于它依赖公共资金的资助，并且很

少有人懂得医学研究的过程。当人们听到医学实验虐待动物的指控时，不少人都不明白为什

么有人会故意伤害动物。

例如，在近期的一次集市上，一位老奶奶站在动物权利宣传点前散发小册子，规劝人们

不要使用动物制品和动物实验制品——肉类，毛皮，药物。当被问到她是否反对免疫接种时，

她问疫苗是否来自动物实验。当被告知的确如此，她回答道，“那么我不得不说，是的，我

反对接种”。当被问到瘟疫爆发怎么办时，她说，“不用担心，科学家会找到一种办法，用计

算机来解决问题”。看，这样好心的人们就是不明白。

科学家必须把他们的意思传达给公众，并且要使用有同情心和通俗易懂的语言，一般人

能够明白的语言，而不要使用分子生物学的语言。我们需要说明动物实验与祖母的髋骨更换、

父亲的心脏搭桥、婴儿的免疫接种、甚至宠物的注射针剂都密切相关。不少人不明白获得这

些新的治疗办法和疫苗都必须开展动物实验。对于他们来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得

不好是残忍。

有不少事情可以做。科学家可以进入中学课堂，展示他们的实验结果。他们应该对报刊

的读者来信及时做出反应，以防止动物权利的误导言论在毫无质疑的情况下横行，从而获得

一副真理的面容。科研机构应该对外开放，让人参观，向人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人

道的对待。最后，因为最终决定因素是病人，医疗研究机构不仅应该积极争取斯蒂芬?库柏

这样的名人的支持——他对动物实验的价值勇敢地开展了肯定——而且应该争取所有接受

治疗的病人的支持。如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝

贵火种。

Part Three

In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, mergingsintossuper systems,

causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995,the top four railroads accounted

for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is

completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major

rail carriers.

Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost

reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by

fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities

traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads

therefore have them by the throat.

The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only

one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than

they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being

overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for

rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme

cases.

Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long

run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue,

shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so,

leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many

economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which

companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who

wins and who loses in the marketplace? ”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who

frequently represents shipper.

Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases.

The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes. still does not earn

enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet

railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on.

Consider the .2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net

railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the

transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will,