2024年2月27日发(作者：)

附录：雅思写作必备词汇

一. 同经济有关的词汇

1.浪费，挥霍，节约

extravagant 浪费的，奢侈的 throw money into thin air 浪费钱

squander v. 浪费：If we squander our fossil fuels, we threaten civilization.

lavish v. 浪费：lavish time and money on pets

economize v. 节约，节省，有效利用：We have to economize on water during the dry season.

2.昂贵的，奢侈的

costly，expensive，dear，luxurious 豪华的，money-consuming 浪费钱的，precious，valuable

3.贫穷的，富有的

destitute 贫穷的 impoverished 贫穷的（名词形式为impoverishment）

poverty-stricken 贫穷的 poor

needy 贫穷的，缺乏生活必需品的: They collected money to help the needy children.

poverty line 贫穷线，贫困线

lucrative 赚钱的：a lucrative investment profitable 赚钱的，盈利的 wealthy

4.缺乏，不足

be short of insufficient 不足的，不够的：The food is insufficient for our needs.

lack n&vt 缺乏，be lacking in：She is lacking in responsibility.

run out of 用完 scarcity n.缺乏，不足：The scarcity of food was caused by the drought.

shortage n. 缺乏，不足：There is a shortage of oil in this country.

5.资金，财产

asset n. 资产 a tight budget 资金/预算紧张 financial aid 经济资助

financial/economic burden经济负担 financial strain 资金紧张

government revenue 政府税收 foreign currency 外汇 taxpayer 纳税人

limited public funds 有限的公共资金 income 收入 hard-earned money 辛苦挣来的钱

6.消费，开支

consumer goods 消费品 consumption n. 消费 (consume v.) expenditure n.花费，支出

necessity n. 必需品

7.贫民，下岗人员

beggar pauper=beggar homeless 无家可归的 laid-off workers 下岗工人 jobless 失业的；失业者

8.困境，福利，社会保障

charity 慈善（形容词为charitable） healthcare 医疗保健 starvation=hunger 饥饿

famine 饥荒 disease illiteracy 文盲（形容词为illiterate） welfare 福利 shelter

庇护所 nursing home/house 养老院 miserable 痛苦的，悲惨的

well-being福利 subsidize=finance 资助，补助

二．同时间有关的词汇

1.浪费，占用时间

squeeze time 挤时间 wile away the time 消磨时间 kill time 浪费时间

a waste of time and resource precious time-consuming 消耗时间的

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a great waste of time occupy vt.占用：Reading occupies most of my free time.

take up 占用 pass time 消磨时光

mess around 闲混，消磨时光：They messed about in the club most of the summer.

2. 吸引，诱人

tempting 诱惑人的：a tempting offer吸引人的提议；a tempting smell诱人的气味

alluring 迷人的，吸引人的，诱惑的：an alluring advertisement

distracting 分心的（动词为distract）：Noise distracted the writer from his work.

lure vt.引诱：The price also lures students.

induce vt.劝诱，促使：Nothing in the world would induce me to do that.

entice vt.诱惑，诱使：entice somebody to do something/into doing something.

3.上瘾，沉迷

addictive 上瘾的 be addicted to 上瘾 wallow in 沉溺于：wallow in luxury

revel in 着迷，酷爱，纵情于：revel in films

resist the temptation 抵挡住诱惑 be obsessed with 沉迷于

abandon oneself to 沉溺于：The young man abandoned himself to despair.

indulge in 沉湎于：indulge oneself in eating and drinking纵情于吃喝；

indulge in tobacco 吸烟无度

4.自控，节制

self-control 自控 inhibit v.抑制，约束 self-discipline 自律

refrain vi.节制，避免，制止：The boy refrained from tears；

Please refrain from spitting on the sidewalk.

restrain vt.抑制，制止：I couldn't restrain my laughter；

We restrained the children from playing by the railroad；

The government has taken measures to restrain inflation.

immature 不成熟的

5.学习，逃课

academic performance 学习表现 misleading 易误解的，令人误解的

play truant 逃学：In my last year I played truant a lot. skip classes 逃课

efficiency 效率 productivity 生产力 rewarding 有益的，值得的

三. 同健康有关的词汇

1.疾病

acute 急性的 chronic 慢性的 malady 疾病 obesity 肥胖（形容词为obese）

incurable disease=terminal illness 绝症 depression 抑郁症 diabetes 糖尿病

tumor 肿瘤 hypertension 高血压（hypotension 低血压） stroke 中风

以下词汇可以暂时只认知：

arthritis 关节炎 coronary heart disease 冠心病 epidemics传染病（形容词为epidemic）

eye irritation 眼睛发炎 infectious disease 传染病 rabies=hydrophobia 狂犬病

allergy 过敏症 tuberculosis 肺结核

2.各种症状

bloated 臃肿的，过于肥胖的 dizzy 头昏眼花的 fatigue n.疲乏，疲劳

headaches indigestion 消化不良 indolent 懒惰的 morbid 病态的

muscle aches insomnia 失眠（口语中也说lose sleep） constipation 便秘

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nausea 反胃，恶心 near-sighted=myopia 近视 overweight 超重

sore throat 喉咙发炎 symptom 症状 tiredness=weariness 疲倦 fracture骨折

couch potatoes cripple 跛子 malnutrition 营养不良

3.有害的，致病的不良习惯

addictive nocuous 有害的，有毒的（反义词innocuous） cancer-causing致癌的

impair v.削弱，危机：Poor food impaired her health. deleterious 有害的，有毒的

hazardous 危险的，有害的 harmful be physically damaging 有害健康的

do harm to one’s health 有害健康 endanger one’s health 危机健康 pernicious有害的

noxious 有害的，有毒的：Noxious chemicals are found in the river water.

high fat and calorie high cholesterol junk food oily food

deteriorate v.恶化：Relations between the two countries have deteriorated sharply in recent weeks.

jeopardize v.危及：Smoking jeopardizes people’s health.

4. 细菌，病毒，毒物

bacteria 细菌 germ 细菌 excessive intake 过量摄入 cancerous 癌的

virus 病毒 carcinogen 致癌物 toxic gas 有毒气体 bleach 漂白剂

radiation 辐射 fume 烟，气体 venomous 有毒的，分泌毒液的 poisonous 有毒的

parasite 寄生虫

5.健康，良好的生活方式

a meager diet 素食 immune 免疫的 aerobic exercise 有氧运动 jog 慢跑

balanced diet 平衡饮食 lose weight life expectancy 预期寿命

energetic=vigorous 精力充沛的 vegetarian 素食者 fitness 健康 hygienic 卫生的

wholesome 有益健康的：Milk is a wholesome food.

6.治疗，药物，营养成分

medical 医学的 medical care 医疗 medical treatment 医疗 prevention 预防

remedy 治疗法，药物 eradicate v.根除，消灭：The government is making efforts to

eradicate racial discriminating. nourishment 营养品 vitamin

nutrition 营养 cure 治愈 organ transplant 器官移植 pain-killer 止疼药

therapy 治疗，疗法 pharmaceutical 药物的 calcium 钙 iron 铁 zinc 锌

iodine 碘 phosphate 磷

四．同情感有关的词汇

1.热情的，可靠的，友好的

affectionate 充满深情的：She was very affectionate with children.

allegiance 忠贞（形容词为allegiant）：He is trying to win the allegiance of the masses.

loyal 忠诚的，衷心的: She was loyal to her faith.

He is loyal to his wife.

sincerity 诚挚，真挚（形容词为sincere）：He is a man of sincerity.

congenial 性格相似的，意气相投的：I met few people congenial to me in that city.

devoted 投入的，深爱的 energetic 精力旺盛的 warm-hearted friendly

faithful 忠实的，可靠的 fervent 热情的：She has a fervent desire to win.

enthusiasm 热情：The proposal was greeted with great enthusiasm.

intimate 熟悉的：Both of them felt that they had become very intimate.

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fidelity 忠诚（反义infidelity） emotion 情感：Love, hatred, and grief are emotions.

2.孤僻，冷漠，焦虑

anxiety 忧虑，焦急 apathy 冷漠 arrogance 傲慢 desolation 孤独，凄凉

desperate 不顾一切的，拼命的，绝望的：

A desperate man will stop at nothing to get what he wants.

He was desperate when he lost all his money.

He was desperate for work to provide for a large family.

diffident 缺乏自信的：She is diffident about expressing her opinions.

drowsy 昏昏欲睡的：The story took place on a drowsy summer afternoon.

These tablets will make you drowsy.

eccentric 古怪的：My neighbor is an eccentric young man.

egoism 自我主义（egoist 自我主义者） frustrated 受挫的，失意的

hopeless 绝望的 languid 懒洋洋的 isolated 孤独的 indifferent 冷漠的

introverted 内向的（反义extroverted） inferior 自卑的，劣等的

inhospitable 冷漠的，不好客的（名词为inhospitality，反义为hospitable，hospitality）

pessimistic 悲观的（反义为optimistic） rebellious 反叛的，叛逆的

world-weary 厌世的 unsociable 不爱交际的（反义为sociable，gregarious）

3.虐待，疏远，遗弃

abuse n&v. 虐待，滥用：He abused his power while in office.

Those captives were physically abused.

Child abuse is widespread in this country.

alienate vt.疏远：His behavior alienated his friends.

desert vt.遗弃：All his friends have deserted him!

deserted 为人所弃的 abandoned 被抛弃的，自甘堕落的 extra-marital affairs 婚外恋

gap 隔阂（generation gap） ignore=neglect vt.忽视 ill-treat vt.虐待=maltreat

4.残酷的，好斗，憎恨，敌意，冲突

brutal 残酷的，野蛮的 hatred 仇恨 hostility 敌意 resentment 怨恨

wear a long face 拉长着脸 turn a deaf ear 充耳不闻（注意turn a blind eye to）：How could

you turn a deaf ear to her requests for help?

dispute 争吵，争论 conflict 冲突 antagonism 对抗

5.鼓励，安慰，亲近

foster vt.培养，心怀（希望）：Concerts foster interest in music. foster a hope

comfort vt.安慰=console =soothe：We did not know how to soothe the bereaved mother.

proximity 接近，亲近 restful 宁静的 goodwill 善意

encourage，support，promote，inspire 鼓励，支持，推进

五．同智力和教育有关的词汇

1．智力，聪明，机灵的

mental 心智的（名词为mentality） mental growth 智力发展 ability of expression 表达能力

brightness 聪明，智慧 prodigy 天才，神童 tactful 机智的 clever

talented 有才能的：He is a very talented actor. wisdom 智慧，学识：a man of wisdom

creative 创造性的：a very creative musician genius 天才 instinct 直觉

instinctive 本能的：She had an instinctive taste for music.

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inherence 内在，固有，天性 intellect 智力 intellectual 需要智力的，智力发达的（作为名词是含义是知识分子）：Chess is a highly intellectual game./ intellectual people

注意：intellectual property 指的是知识产权

insight 洞察力，见识，深刻的理解：Good teachers have insight into children's emotions.

His speech gave us an insight into the problems of education.

intelligence 智力，聪明，智能 intelligence quotient 智商 nature 本性，天性

wit 智力，才智，智慧 perception 洞察力，感知，理解：My perception of the problem is

quite different./ She is a woman of keen perception./ His perception of the change came in a flash.

2.笨的，平庸的，迟钝的

clumsy 笨拙的，手脚不灵活的：The clumsy boy bumped into the table.

absurd=ridiculous 荒谬的：It is absurd to go out in such terrible weather.

It's the most ridiculous thing I ever heard in my life.

dull 感觉或者理解迟钝的：All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻。

narrow-minded 思想狭隘的 impractical 不现实的 illogical 缺乏逻辑的

mediocrity 平庸，平庸的人 technology-dependent 依赖科技的

3.培养，发挥，开发，体验

nurture v&n.养育，教育，滋养：the early nurture of the infant；Nurture your mind with good

reading.

bring the talents into full play/put the talents into great play 全面发挥才干

promote 促进 cultivate 培养，耕作：She cultivated her mind by reading.

experience v&n.经验，体验，经历，阅历 experienced 富有经验的：She is an experienced

cook./ He is very experienced in/at repairing cars. appreciate 赏识，鉴赏

stimulate 刺激，促进：The government will do everything in its power to stimulate economic

growth./ Exercise stimulates the flow of blood.

4.创新的，个性的，想象

initiative 积极性，首创精神：He did not have the initiative to start his own business.

creativity 创造力，创造 individuality 个性，个人的特性 imagination

literacy 有文化，有教养 merit 优点，值得称赞的品质 shrewd 精明的

innovate 创新(名词形式为innovation) passion 激情 originality 创造力，新奇

sophisticated 老练的，世故的，尖端的：She is a sophisticated woman./ sophisticated weapons

5.知识，观点，能力

a book worm 书虫 quality education（all-round education）素质教育 talent 人才

a learned person 知识渊博的人 computer literacy 电脑知识 survival ability 生存能力

perspective 观点看法：view an issue from a historical perspective

thinking pattern 思维模式

六．同心理有关的词汇

1.傲慢自大，自满的，好斗的

aggressive a. 好斗的，有进取心的，侵略的：An aggressive young man can go far in our firm.

Tom thought of the war as an aggressive one.

arrogant 傲慢的，自大的：John is so arrogant that he thinks he is better than everyone else.

complacent 自满的，自鸣得意的 aspiring 有抱负的，有雄心的 snobbish 势力的

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2.胆小的，自卑的，脆弱的，抑郁的

cowardly 胆小的（名词为coward）：Only a coward would run from danger.

craven n&adj 懦夫，胆小鬼；懦弱的，畏缩的，胆小的 diffident

timid 胆小的，羞怯的：The timid girl didn't want to meet the new children in the neighborhood.

gloomy 阴暗的；忧郁的：He came to see me in a gloomy winter day.

I can tell by your gloomy face that the news is bad.

melancholy 忧郁的：a melancholy man

innocent 天真无知的 inferiority complex 自卑感（反义superiority complex）

3.外向的，内向的，合群的，孤僻的

extrovert 性格外向者（反义为introvert，形容词为extroverted和introverted）

out-going 外向的（比较记忆easy-going 随和的）

gregarious 合群的，群居的 unsociable

liberal 心胸广阔的：The headmaster has liberal views about what his pupils should wear.

lonesome 孤单的，孤寂的：She was lonesome while her husband was away on business.

4.理性的，不切实际的，变态的，疯狂的

rational 理性的，合理的：That's a rational decision. out of control 失去理智的

crazy=mad 疯狂的 envious 嫉妒的：Do not be envious of your neighbors.

anomalism 变态，异常（形容词为anomalistic） absurd

abnormal 不正常的，变态的：It is abnormal for a man to walk in his sleep.

impractical unrealistic 不切实际的，不实在的 mental

nervous breakdown 神经失常 schizophrenia 精神分裂症

neurotic 神经过敏的：She's neurotic about getting fat. psychology 心理学

5.烦躁的，窘迫的

embarrass 使困窘，使局促不安（名词为embarrassment）：You embarrassed me.

frustrated temperamental 喜怒无常的：The actress was so temperamental that many

people refused to work with her.

irritable 易怒的：The baby is teething and has been irritable for several days.

moody 喜怒无常的；郁郁寡欢的：It is difficult to predict his reaction because he is so moody.

a moody face

nervous 神经紧张的，不安的：He's nervous of strangers.

7．同权利有关的词汇

1.禁止，限制，剥夺

do away with 废除：They decided to do away with the rule.

ban n.禁令：The police lifted the ban against parking in this street.

We have put a ban on smoking.

v.禁止，取缔：Swimming is banned in this lake.

abolish 废止，废除（法律，制度，习俗等）：Bad customs and laws ought to be abolished.

abrogate 废除，取消：This law has been abrogated.

deprive 剥夺，使失去（名词形式为deprivation）：He was deprived of his rights to education.

These misfortunes almost deprived him of his reason.

The new laws deprived many people of the most elementary freedoms.

forbid 禁止，不许（注意其不规则变化为：forbade，forbidden）：

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The new law forbids smoking in offices./ Their father forbade them to go.

limit 限制：The teacher limited his students to 500 words for their compositions.

prohibit 禁止，阻止：Smoking is prohibited in the office building.

They prohibited him from going there.

restrict 限制，约束：Membership of the club is restricted to men only.

2.侵犯，干涉

brazen encroachment 公然侵犯

infringe 侵犯：Sorry to have infringed upon your property-rights.

intervene vi.干涉，干预：They were about to fight when their father intervened.

The Bank of England had been intervening in foreign exchange markets.

interference 冲突，干涉 invade 侵犯: The Normans invaded England in 1066.

oppression 压迫：the social, economic and religious oppressions

violate 违反，亵渎（名词为violation）：Dr. Thomas was condemned for violating medical ethics.

The soldiers violated the church by using it as a stable.

3.权利，平等，公正，自由

copyright 版权 abortion 流产，堕胎 civil right 民权 dignity 尊严

enjoy the freedom 享受自由 enjoy the privacy 享受个人空间 equality 平等

freedom of speech 言论自由 just 公正的，正直的：a just man

candid 无偏见的，公正的：to be candid，---------- righteous 公正的，正义的

human rights 人权 humanitarian 人道主义者 humanitarianism 人道主义

inviolable 神圣的，不可侵犯的 inalienable 不可剥夺的，不能让与的

legal 法律的，法定的（名词为legality，反义为illegal） liberation 解放

emancipation (从束缚、支配下)解放：She spoke of the emancipation of women.

4.歧视，偏见

discrimination 歧视（动词为discriminate）：racial discrimination；sexual discrimination

distortion 歪曲，扭曲（动词为distort） humiliating 羞辱的（动词为humiliate）

prejudiced 有偏见的，有成见的，不公平的（反义为unprejudiced）

5.制定，实施，建立

make laws 制定法律

enact 制定法律，颁布：Several bills were enacted at the end of this session of Parliament.

establishment 确定，制定（动词为establish） motion 动议，提议

litigate 起诉 prosecute 起诉，检举：He was prosecuted for drunken driving.

compulsory 强制的：compulsory education regulation 法规，条例

legislation 立法 accuse 指责，控告：She accused him of stealing her watch.

6.死刑，安乐死，新闻审查

death penalty（刑法） 死刑 euthanasia 安乐死 execution 死刑

capital punishment 死刑 censorship （新闻）审查制度

八．同环保有关的词汇

1.垃圾，废物

chemical-waste 化工废料 garbage 垃圾，废物 junk 垃圾

landfill 垃圾场，垃圾填埋 municipal refuse(注意重音) 城市垃圾

refuse collector 垃圾车，垃圾工人 rubbish 垃圾，废物 trash Ame 废物

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waste gas 废气

2.肮脏，污染，污染源

acid 酸性物质 atmospheric pollution 大气污染 chemical substances 化学物质

contaminant 污染物 contamination 污染

contaminate 弄脏，污染：The water was contaminated./ Flies contaminate food.

congest 使密集，拥塞：The highway was congested with cars.

dust 灰尘，尘土 fume 烟，浓烟 light pollution 光污染

disposable products 一次性产品 emit 排放：The chimney emitted thick smoke into the air.

emission 排放，射出物：carbon dioxide emission

filthy 不洁的，污秽的；下流的：The guy is always telling filthy jokes.

mixture 混合物 sewage 污水：sewage works/farm 污水处理厂

nasty 污秽的，肮脏的 noise pollution 噪音污染 pesticide 农药，杀虫剂

pollutant=contaminant污染物 radioactivity 放射性 smelly 发臭的，有臭味的

soil pollution 土壤污染 toxic chemical 有毒化学品 water body pollution 水体污染

3.生态，环保

biodegradable 生物所能分解的 anthropology 人类学（anthropologist 人类学家）

biosphere 生物圈 ecology生态学 ecological balance 生态平衡

ecological system 生态系统 endangered species 濒临灭绝的物种 cityscape 都市风景

conserve 保护（名词为conservation，conservation area 保护区）

environmentally friendly 环保的 exist vi.存在，生存：That word doesn't exist in English.

food chain 食物链 globalization meteorology 气象学（meteorologist 气象学家）

habitat 动物栖息地：I prefer to see animals in their natural habitat, rather than in zoos.

picturesque 风景如画的 preserve 保护，保存：We have taken effective measures to

preserve our natural resources. rare animals 稀有动物 recyclable 可循环的

subsistence 生存 under-explored 未充分开发的 ventilation 通风，净化

vegetation 植被 wilderness 荒野，荒地 wildlife 野生动植物

4．生态灾难，恶果

exhausted 用完的，耗尽的：exhausted resources avalanche 雪崩

desertification 沙漠化 die out 灭绝: Many old customs have died out.

energy shortage 能源短缺 extinction（extinct 为形容词）灭绝：Apes are in danger of

extinction.

illegal soil erosion 水土流失 traffic jam/traffic congestion

exacerbate 使恶化，加重 worsen 使恶化

vicious circle 恶性循环

九．同文化与传统有关的词汇

1.语言，文化，传统

a dominant language 主流语言 a homogeneous world culture 同一的世界文化

aboriginal culture 土著文化 bilingual 用两种语言的，双语的（multilingual，多语的）

brilliant and gorgeous culture 灿烂光辉的文化 calligraphy 书法

civilization 文明（形容词为civilized） artistic value 艺术价值 costume 服装

cultural assimilation 文化同化 cultural background 文化背景

cultural heritage/legacy 文化遗产 cultural identity 文化特性 historic relics 历史古迹

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diverse cultures 多元化的文化（cultural diversity） endangered languages

dialect 方言 gallery 美术陈列室，画廊 genre 流派

indigenous 本土的：a plant indigenous to New Zealand mainstream lifestyle 主流生活方式

minority 少数，少数民族：minority people，minority languages

mother tongue=native language 母语

2.祖先，考古，遗留

ancestor 祖先，祖宗 ancient 古代的，远古的 ancestry 祖先，血统

pass down 传递下去 antiquated idea 陈旧观念 archeology 考古学（archeologist）

forebear 祖先，祖宗 forefathers 祖先 inheritance 遗产 remains 遗址

places of interests 名胜古迹

3.同化，吸收，抛弃，破坏，阻碍

absorb 吸收：absorb the quintessence 吸收精华

assimilate 同化，吸收：America has assimilated millions of immigrants.

cherish 珍视 compatible 能共处的，兼容的

devastate 破坏：The earthquake devastated a large part of the city.

diffusion 扩散，（知识等的）传播 drawback 障碍；缺点

impede 妨碍：The attempt to rescue the climbers was impeded by bad weather.

hinder 妨碍：Age hinders me from moving about.

4.濒危，灭绝，消失，过时的

be on the way to extinction/be under the threat of extinct 接近灭绝的边缘，处于灭绝的境地

in danger 处于危险中 state of endangerment 濒危的状态

vanish vi.消失，突然不见：Many species have now vanished from the earth.

obsolete 过时的，陈旧的 old-fashioned=out of fashion=outmoded=out-of-date 过时的

5.丰富的，璀璨的，无价的

abundant 丰富的 brilliant 灿烂的，闪耀的 aesthetic 美学的，审美的

aesthetic value 美学价值 be proud of great and profound 博大精深

immortal 不朽的：the immortal music of Beethoven. imperishable 不朽的

in vogue 正时兴，正流行：Short skirts were not in vogue then.

invaluable 无价的：His advice has been invaluable to the success of the project.

unique 唯一的，独特的：The custom is unique to the region.

splendid 壮丽的，辉煌的 stylish 时髦的，漂亮的 superficial 肤浅的，表面的

6.保护，发扬，继承

carry forward 发扬光大 inherit 继承：He inherited his father's farm.

reservation 保护 spread 传播 transmit 传播 transform 转换，改变

prime 精华 quintessence 精华 reject the dross and assimilate the essence 剔除糟粕，吸取精华

7.归属感，凝聚力，民族特性

cohesion 凝聚力 collectivism 集体主义思想 a sense of belonging 归属感

cradle of culture 文化摇篮 ethnic and cultural identity 民族文化特色

national identity 民族特性 national pride 民族自豪感 national unity 民族团结

8．传统艺术形式

opera 歌剧 paper-cutting 剪纸 puppet show 木偶剧 sculpture 雕塑

embroidery 刺绣 folk art 民间艺术 handicraft 手工艺 cross-talk 相声

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十. 同道德和犯罪有关的词汇

1.辨明是非，抵挡住诱惑，自控

distinguish good from evil 分辨善恶 distinguish right from wrong 辨明是非

resist the temptation self-control self-discipline prevention

monitoring and supervision 监管 proper guidance 恰当的指引

2.沉迷，上瘾，吸引人的，盲从，模仿

addiction alluring be prone to social ills 易受到社会恶习的侵蚀

depravation 颓废，堕落 misleading obsession tempting

follow suit 跟从，跟着做：He went to bed and she followed suit after a few minutes.

follow in sb.’s footsteps 步某人的后尘 go astray 误入歧途

fall victims to 成为牺牲品 degenerate vi.堕落：Young people of today are not degenerating.

mimic 模仿：The actor amused the audience by mimicking some well-known people.

imitate 模仿，仿效：I wish you would imitate your brother a little more./ Jane imitates the cuckoo.

ignorance 无知 curiosity 好奇：out of curiosity 出于好奇 innocence

role model 行为榜样（负面的榜样为negative role model） peer pressure 来自同伴的压力

3.报复，纵火，抢劫，有罪，家庭暴力，毒品，色情

arson n.放火，放火罪（arsonist 纵火者） assault n&v.攻击 bully 恐吓，欺凌弱小

armed robbery 持械抢劫 aggressive behaviour进攻性行为 risky behaviour危险性行为

burglary 入室行窃 prostitution 卖淫（prostitute，妓女） take vengeance on 报复

retaliate 报复：The terrorists retaliated by killing three policemen.

domestic violence 家庭暴力 child abuse 虐待儿童 theft 偷窃

abuse，neglect and delinquency 虐待、忽视、行为不良 drug addicts 吸毒者

physical abuse 体罚 pornographic 色情的 pornography 色情书刊，色情出版物

pregnancy 怀孕 sexual harassment 性骚扰

4.好斗的，反社会的，违法的，堕落的，盲从的，有罪的

aggressive delinquent 违法者 depraved 堕落的，邪恶的 guilty 犯罪的，有罪恶感的

detrimental=harmful 有害的 immature inexperienced 无经验的，不熟练的

irrational 不理性的 money-oriented 拜金主义的 morally corrupt 道德败坏的

untrustworthy 不能信赖的、靠不住的 an egocentric person 自私自利的人

be charged with 被指控犯罪：He was charged with stealing. lax discipline 松散的纪律

spoiled 宠坏的 parental permissiveness 家长的过分宽容

5.信心，同情心，情感

self-esteem and life skills 自信心和生活技能 emotional exchange 感情交流

strengthening the family ties 密切家庭感情 trusting 信任的，信赖的

compassion=sympathy 怜悯：The nurse had great compassion for her patients.

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