2024年1月12日发(作者：)

Lathe

A lathe is a machine tool used to remove metal from the surface of a circular workpiece.

The workpiece is mounted between the two centers of the lathe and rotates around the center axis.

When turning the workpiece, the turning tool moves along the axis of rotation of the workpiece

in parallel or with the axis of rotation of the workpiece into a bevel, to remove the metal on the

surface of the workpiece. This displacement of the turning tool is called feed. Turning tool holder

is clamped on the tool holder, and the tool holder is fixed on the slide. The slide plate is a

mechanism for feeding the cutting tool in the desired direction. The lathe handle can be used to

control the tool feed, and can also be used to achieve automatic feed with the help of special

transmission device.

The largest part of the lathe is called the bed, and its two ends are respectively fitted with a

headstock and a tailstock. The surface of the bed has a special guide rail, and the slide plate and

tail seat can slide on the guide rail.

The two centers of the lathe are mounted in two main spindles: the live center in the

headstock spindle and the dead center in the tailstock spindle.

The lathe chuck is used to clamp the work piece, its purpose is to make the work piece does

not shake when turning. In general, the chucks mounted on the main shaft of the bed head box

may have different sizes and constructions. If the workpiece is a complete circle, it can be

clamped in the so-called three-jaw universal chuck, the chuck's three claws by rotating the spiral

mechanism can simultaneously move to the middle. However, if the workpiece is a non-complete

circle, four jaw independent chuck should be used.

Lathes must run at different speeds when turning parts of different materials and diameters.

The gear system in the headstock enables the lathe to run at different speeds.

Before the lathe turns the workpiece, its center should be aligned, that is, the axes of the two

centers must be on the same - straight line. To test the coaxiality of the lathe tip, a turning can be

performed, and then the ends of the turning can be measured with a micrometer. Not all work

pieces must be sandwiched between the two centers of the lathe. The turning of short work parts

does not use the dead center, but simply clamps it properly on the headstock spindle.

Milling machine

A milling machine is a machine tool in which the milling cutter rotates to remove metal

from the surface of the workpiece as the workpiece is fed to it. The milling cutter is mounted on

the cutter shaft and positioned by bushing or bushing. One end of the tool bar is mounted on the

main shaft and the other end can be rotated in a bearing mounted on the tool bar bracket.

Milling cutters are usually made of high speed steel and come in various sizes and shapes.

Milling cutter can be divided into cylindrical milling cutter, end milling cutter (milling face),

forming milling cutter, Angle milling cutter, three edge milling cutter, saw blade milling cutter,

etc.. These cutters may be cut in different directions; for example, they may rotate clockwise or

counterclockwise during cutting.

In the milling machine can process regular or irregular workpiece, the structure of the

milling machine depends on the type of workpiece to be processed characteristics. According to

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the spindle position, milling machine can be divided into vertical milling machine and horizontal

milling machine two categories. There are many types of milling machines.

According to the overall structure of the different, milling machine can be divided into

lifting table milling machine, special milling machine, gantry milling machine; According to the

structure of the table, the milling machine can be divided into universal milling machine and

ordinary milling machine.

The main parts of the milling machine are starting handle, spindle, column, lifting platform,

lifting screw, table, indexing table, speed control handle, feed handle, table moving handle, bed

and knife bar support.

The spindle of the milling machine is driven by an electric motor through a series of gears

mounted in the column. Ordinary milling machine table can only along perpendicular to the

direction of the spindle movement, and universal milling machine in milling gear teeth, threads,

etc., the table can be in the transverse slide. On the turn.

The various accessories used in the milling machine increase the processing range of the

milling machine.

Dividing head is a device for equidividing the workpiece in the circumferential direction

and holding the workpiece in the desired position during cutting.

Milling machines use a variety of vice to hold the workpiece, the most common being the

flat jaw vice and the rotary seat vice.

Grinding machine

Grinding, or lapping, is the fastest growing method of cutting metal in manufacturing. A

variety of grinders now perform many machining jobs that were previously performed by

traditional milling machines, lathes and planers.

There are many general categories of grinders. The most common are tool grinder, common

grinder, centerless grinder, cylindrical grinder, internal grinding machine and tool grinder.

Five types of grinding can be performed on the grinder:

(1) Plane grinding. Surface grinding is used for machining flat, angular and irregular

surfaces. In surface grinding, the grinding wheel rotates on a shaft and the workpiece is mounted

on a reciprocating or rotating workbench. The workpiece is driven to contact the grinding wheel

with each other.

(2) Cylindrical grinding. Cylindrical grinding is the process of grinding the outer surface of

a cylinder. These surfaces can be cylindrical, conical, and contoured. The operation of cylindrical

grinding is similar to that of lathe turning. Circular grinding can replace lathes when the

workpiece is very hard or when very high precision and high finish are required. The workpiece

rotates, the grinding wheel rotates in the opposite direction to the workpiece and speeds faster,

and is brought to the part in contact with the workpiece. The workpiece reciprocates with the

worktable, grinding the material when in contact with the grinding wheel.

(3)Centerless cylindrical grinding. Centerless cylindrical grinders operate without central

holes or clamping devices. In a centerless cylindrical grinder, the workpiece rests on a stationary

knifelike plate and is supported by another wheel called a regulating wheel. On the cutter support,

the grinding wheel pushes the workpiece downward and against the adjusting wheel. The

adjusting wheel is often made of rubber combined with wear-resistant materials. The direction of

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rotation is the same as that of the driving wheel. At the same time, when the substance is a small

tilt Angle, it can control the longitudinal feed of the workpiece. By changing this Angle and the

speed of the grinding wheel, the workpiece feed speed can also be changed.

(4) Internal grinding machine. Internal grinders are used to complete precise machining of

cylindrical, conical and shaped holes. The operation of most general purpose internal grinders is

very similar to the boring operation on a lathe. A work piece is held by a work-piece fixture,

usually a chuck or jaw set: the chuck is clamped and rotated by a headstock drive. -- A separate

motor drives the grinding wheel in the same direction as the workpiece. It can advance and

retreat the workpiece and adjust the depth of cutting.

(5) Special grinding. Special grinding machine is a kind of grinding equipment for

processing special type of workpiece and special operation function.

Mechanical processing

Turning As one of the earliest metal-cutting machine tools, the turning lathe still has

many useful and desirable features. These machines are now mostly used in smaller factories to

make small batches rather than large ones.

In today's production shop, the plain lathe has been replaced by a wide variety of automatic

lathes, such as the automatic copying lathe, the hexagonal lathe and the automatic screw lathe.

Designers are now well aware of the advantages of using a single-edged tool to remove a large

amount of metal margin and then using a molded tool to achieve surface finish and precision.

The production speed of this process is equal to that of the fastest processing equipment in use in

today's factories.

The machining deviation of the lathe mainly depends on the technical proficiency of the

operator. The design engineer should carefully determine the tolerances of test parts machined by

skilled workers on a plain lathe. Economical tolerances should be used when redesigning test

parts into production parts.

Milling After turning and drilling, milling is undoubtedly the most widely used method of

cutting metal. Milling is very suitable and easy to use in the economical production of any

number of parts. In the process of product manufacture, a great many kinds of milling processes

are worthy of careful consideration and selection of designers.

As with other types of machining, for parts to be milling, the tolerances should be to the

tolerances that are economical to be achieved by design or milling production. If the tolerances

of a part are designed to be smaller than required, additional procedures may need to be added to

ensure that these tolerances are achieved - which increases the cost of the part.

Grinding is one of the most widely used finishing methods of parts to achieve very small

tolerances and very low surface roughness. At present, there are almost all kinds of grinding

processes suitable for grinding. The design characteristics of a part largely determine the type of

grinding required. When machining costs are too high, it is worthwhile to redesign parts so that

they can be produced economically by using a cheap and highly productive grinding method.

Although grinding is generally considered suitable for finishing processes, for those workpieces

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that are suitable for rough and finish processes by grinding, grinding is often used to complete

the work without turning or other processing methods. As a result, many types of forgings and

other parts can be grinding from the blank to the finished product, which can result in significant

time and cost savings.

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车床

车床是用来从圆形工件表面切除金属的机床，工件安装在车床的两个顶尖之间，并绕顶尖轴线旋转。车削工件时，车刀沿着工件的旋转轴线平行移动或与工件的旋转轴线成一-斜角移动，将工件表面的金属切除。车刀的这种位移称为进给。车刀装夹在刀架上，刀架则固定在溜板上。溜板是使刀具沿所需方向进行进给的机构。用于操纵车床手柄可使车刀实现进给，也可以借助专门的传动装置实现自动进给。

车床的最大部件称为床身，它的两端分别装有床头箱和尾座。床身表面有专门的导轨，溜板和尾座可以在导轨上滑行。

车床的两个顶尖分别装在两根主轴中:活顶尖装在床头箱主轴中，另一个死顶尖则装在尾座的主轴中。

车床卡盘用于夹紧工件，其目的在于使工件在车削时不摇晃。通常，安装在床 头箱主轴上的卡盘可具有不同的尺寸和结构。如果工件是一完整的圆， 可将其夹紧在所谓的三爪通用卡盘中，卡盘的三个爪靠转动螺旋机构能同时向中间移动。但是如果工件系非完整的圆，则应使用四爪相互独立的四爪卡盘。

车床在车削不同材料和不同直径的工件时，必须以不同的速度运转。装在床头箱内的齿轮系统能使车床以不同的速度运转。

车床在车削工件前，它的顶尖要对准，即两个顶尖的轴线必须在同-直线上。为检验车床顶尖的同轴度,可进行一次车削，然后用千分尺测量车削物的两端。并非所有的工件都必须装夹在车床的两个顶尖之间。短工件的车削可不使用死顶尖，而是简单的将其适当夹紧在床头箱的主轴上。

铣床

铣床是一种当工件向铣刀进给时，铣刀旋转着从工件表面切除金属的机床。铣刀安装在刀杆上并由衬套或轴套定位。刀杆的一端安装在主轴上，而另一端则可在安装在刀杆支架的轴承里旋转。

铣刀通常有高速钢制成，有不同的尺寸和形状。铣刀可分为圆柱铣刀、立铣刀(铣端面)、成形铣刀、角度铣刀、三面刃铣刀、锯片铣刀等。这些铣刀的铣削方向可能不同，例如，在切削时，它们可以顺时针转动，也可以逆时针转动。

在铣床可以加工规则的或不规则的工件，铣床结构的不同取决于要加工工件的类型特点。根据主轴的位置，铣床可分为立式铣床和卧式铣床两大类，铣床可分为许多种。

根据总体结构的不同，铣床可分为升降台式铣床、专用铣床、龙门铣床;根据工作台的结构，铣床可分为万能铣床和普通铣床。

铣床主要的零部件有启动手柄、主轴、立柱、升降台、升降螺杆、工作台、分度台、调速手柄、进给手柄、工作台移动手柄、床身和刀杆支架。

铣床主轴由电动机通过安装在立柱里的一系列齿轮驱动。普通铣床的工作台只能沿垂直于主轴的方向运动，而万能铣床在铣削轮齿、螺纹等时，工作台可以在横向滑板.上转动。

铣床上所用的各种附件增加了铣床的加工范围。

分度头是一种在工件圆周方向上进行等分，以及切削时把工件夹持在所需位置的装 5

置。

铣床用各种虎钳来夹持工件，最常见的是平口钳及旋转座虎钳。

磨床

磨削，或研磨加工，是制造业发展最快的金属切削方法。很多以前由传统铣床，车床和刨床作的机械加工作业，现在由各种磨床来完成。

磨床的总类很多。常见的有刀具磨床、普通磨床、无心磨床、外圆磨床、内圆磨床及工具磨床。

在磨床上可进行五种类型的磨削:

（1）平面磨削。平面磨削是用于加工平面，角平面和不规则的表面。在平面磨削过程中，砂轮在轴上旋转，工件安装在-一个往复移动或转动的工作台上，工件被带动与砂轮互相接触。

（2）外圆磨削。外圆磨削是磨削圆柱体的外表面的过程。这些表面可以是圆柱面的，圆锥形的和外轮廓曲面。外圆磨削操作类似车床车削的操作。当工件是很硬或当需要极高精度和较高光洁度时，外圆磨削可代替车床。工件旋转，砂轮与工件旋转方向相反且转速更快，被带到与工件接触的部件。工件与工作台往复运动，当与砂轮接触就对材料进行磨削。

(3)无心外圆磨削。无心外圆磨床运行不需要中心孔或夹紧装置。在无心外圆磨床上，工件停在静止的刀形托板上，且被另一个称为导轮的轮子支撑着。在刀形支撑上，砂轮推动工件向下，且靠在调节轮上。调节轮经常用橡胶结合耐磨材料做成，旋转的方向与主动轮相同，同时当实质一个微小的倾斜角度时，能控制工件的纵向进给。改变这个角度和砂轮的速度，工件的进给速度也能改变。

(4)内圆磨床。内圆磨床是被用于完成精准的圆柱形的，圆锥形的和成形孔的加工。大多数通用的内圆磨床的操作与车床上的镗孔操作非常相似。工件是被工件夹具所夹持，工件夹具通常是卡盘或套爪:卡盘夹紧由主轴箱驱动旋转。--台单独的电动机与工件同一一个方向驱动砂轮旋转。它能进退工件也能调整切削深度。

(5)特种磨削加工。特种磨床是加工特殊类型的工件及具有特殊操作功能的磨削设备。

机械加工

车削普通车床作为最早的金属切削机床中的一种，目前仍然有许多有用的和为人们所需要的特性。现在，这些机床主要用在规模较小的工厂“中，进行小批量的生产，而不是进行大批量的生产。

在现在的生产车间中，普通车床已经被种类繁多的自动车床所取代，诸如自动仿形车床，六角车床和自动螺丝车床。现在，设计人员已经熟知先利用单刃刀具去除大量的金属余量，然后利用成型刀具获得表面光洁度和精度这种加工方法的优点。这种加工方法的生产速度与现在工厂中使用的最快的加工设备的速度相等。

普通车床的加工偏差主要依赖于操作者的技术熟练程度。设计工程师应该认真地确定由熟练工人在普通车床上加工的试验零件的公差。在把试验零件重新设计为生产零件时,应该选用经济的公差。

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铣削除了车削和钻削，铣削无疑是应用最广泛的金属切削方法。铣削非常适合于而且也易于应用在任何数量的零件的经济生产中。在产品制造过程中，许许多多种类的铣削加工是值得设计人员认真考虑和选择的。

与其他种类的加工一样，对于进行铣削加工的零件，其公差应该被设计或铣削生产所能达到的经济公差。如果零件的公差设计得比需要的要小，就需要增加额外的工序，以保

证获得这些公差一-这将 增加零件的成本。

磨削是一种应用最广泛的零件精加工方法，用来获得非常小的公差和非常低的表面粗糙度。目前，几乎存在着适合于各种磨削工序的磨削。零件的设计特征在很大程度上决定了需要采用的磨削的种类。当加工成本太高时，就值得对零件进行重新设计，使其能够通过采用既便宜又具有高生产率的磨削方法加工出来，以获得经济效益。尽管通常认为磨削适用于精加工工序，对那些适合于采用磨削来完成粗、精加工工序的工件，也经常采用磨削方法完成全部加工工作，而不采用车削或者其他加工方法。因此，许多种类的锻件和其他零件，可以采用磨削的方法完成其从毛坯到成品的全部加工，这可以显著地节约时间和费用。

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