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英美文学

The period of Revolution and Restoration

(革命和复辟时期)

1. Social background----tempestuous

(动乱的)

; absolute monarchy(君主统治) impeded

(阻止)

the

development of capitalism

(资本主义)

; caused a revolutionary outburst

(爆发).

2. Several Johns: John Milton John Donne John Bunyan

I. John Milton and Paradise Lost

1. John Milton

He was political in both his life and his art. He was a pamphleteer

(小册子作者)

of the English

Revolution and the greatest revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He influenced many writers.

The Holy Bible—is composed of New Testament

(新约)

and Old Testament

(旧约)

. The first

complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe

(英国神学家和欧洲宗教改革的先驱1320－1384)

.

The Authorized Version

(权威版本)

was made in 1611 under the auspices

(赞助)

of James I

(詹姆斯一世)

and was called the King James Bible.

It is a monument

(里程碑)

of English language and English literature. A great number of Bible

phrases

(成语)

have passed into daily English speech as household

(家用的)

words. E.g.. eye for eye,

tooth for tooth. The simple and dignified language of the Authorized version has colored the style of

the English prose

(散文)

.

John Milton—His works: Important works:

Lycidas

《达斯》

;

Paradise Lost

《失乐园》

；

Comus

《科马斯》

;

Paradise Regained

《复乐园》

；

Defense for the English People

Samson Agonistes

《力士参孙》

；

《为英国人民声辩》

;

On his blindness

《论失明》

。

Areopagitica

《论出版自由》

.

2. Paradise Lost （1666, 1667）

Paradise Lost, the greatest poem by Milton, is a long narrative epic

(叙事体史诗)

divided into 12

books. The stories of the poem were drawn from the “Genesis”

《创世纪》

of the Bible.

The main plots

(故事情节)

of Paradise Lost

1. The creation of universe

2. The rebellion

(武装反抗，背叛)

in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels.

3. Their defeat

(战败)

and expulsion

(驱逐)

from Heaven.

4. The creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve.

5. Satan’s temptation

(引诱)

of Eve.

6. The departure of Adam and Eve from Eden

(伊甸园)

.

Question:

1). What is the poem about?

It is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th century English poet John Milton. The poem

concerns the story of the Fall of Man; the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen

(堕落的)

angel

Satan and their expulsion

(驱逐)

from the Garden of Eden.

2). Is Satan different from what he is in people’s mind? How is he different?

Satan is a rebellious

(反叛的)

figure against God in this epic. Defeated, he and his angels were

cast

(扔)

in hell. However, Satan refused to accept his failure, swearing that “all was not lost” and that

he would revenge for his downfall

(垮台).

The freedom of the will is the keystone

(重点)

of Satan’s

character, which was the important spirit of the rising middle class. However, his temptation proved

his evilness.

3). What about God?

The poem is a revolt

(造反)

against God’s authority. God is a selfish despot

(暴君)

, with a chorus of

angels eternally

(永久地)

singing his praises. He is cruel and unjust

(不义的)

. God and his angels

resemble

(类似于)

the court of an absolute monarch

(君主)

while Satan and his followers

(追随者)

, who

freely discuss all issues in council

(理事会)

, bear close resemblance

(相似)

to a republic

(共和政体的)

parliament

(议会)

.

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英美文学

4). What is the significance

(意义)

of the expulsion of Adam and Eve?

Adam and Eve embody

(象征)

Milton’s belief in the power of man. Their longing

(渴望)

for

knowledge opens a wide road to active and intelligent life.

3. Special features of Milton’s works：

(写作特点)

’s style is distinguished by its rich and complex texture(

结构

), the multiplicity

(多样性)

of its

classical (Biblical and mythological) reference, its wealth of ornament and decoration.

’s subjects are lofty

(高尚的，傲慢的)

and magnificent. He has always been admired for his

sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.

3. He is a master of blank verse

(无韵诗)

.

II. John Donne

1. Life

He wrote many love lyrics and religious sermons

(布道)

; leading figure of the Metaphysical Poets.

Love and death are common subject matters. “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning.”

《告别辞：莫悲伤》

The most frequently used technique is “conceit

(奇喻)

”

A conceit is a far-fetched

(牵强的)

metaphor

(隐喻)

or simile, a comparison

(比较)

between two

highly dissimilar

(不同的)

things.

metaphysical Poets

(玄学派诗人)

The “Metaphysical Poets” refers to some poets of the 17th century who wrote under the influence of

John Donne. The leading poets of this schoo

l(学派)

are Andrew Marvell, George Herbert, Richard

Crashaw and Henry Vaughan. Their poems are marked by ingenious

(精巧的有创意的)

conceits,

incongruous

(不适当的)

imagery

(意象)

, complexity of thought, delicate sentiment

(情感)

and frequent

use of paradox

(似是而非)

. With a rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional

fashion of Elizabethan love poetry. Their diction

(措辞)

is simple and their images are drawn from life.

3.A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning.”

《告别辞：莫悲伤》

It is a love poem. It is written on the occasion of his trip to France. When he is going to leave, his

health is in poor condition and his wife is pregnant.

Questions:

1).What is the tone?

(严肃，平淡)

2).Why did the writer mention moving of the earth and trepidation of the spheres?

(比喻其爱情的高尚、神秘)

3).What is the most famous conceit here?

Answer:

The tone is serious. In this poem, he praises love through some natural phenomenon. His conceit

in the poem “twin compasses

(罗盘，指南针)

” is famous for hundreds of years. It also reflects his talent

and wide broad of knowledge.

III. John Bunyan

His most important work is The Pilgrim’s Progress

《天路历程》第一部寓言体

(allegorical)

小说

。

Another work: Vanity Fair

《名利场》

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