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The rapid pace of global warming and its effect on habitats

raise the question of whether species are able to keep up so that

they remain in suitable living conditions. Some animals can

move fast to adjust to a quickly changing climate. Plants, being

less mobile, rely on means such as seed dispersal (传播) by

animals, wind or water to move to new areas, but this

redistribution typically occurs within one kilometer of the

original plant. Writing in Nature, Juan P. Gonzalez-Varo sheds

light on the potential capacity of migratory birds to aid seed

dispersal.

Gonzalez- Varo and colleagues report how plants might be

able to keep pace with rapid climate change through the help of

migrating birds. They analyzed an impressive data set of 949

different seed-dispersal interactions between bird and plant

communities, together with data on entire fruiting times and

migratory patterns of birds across Europe.

The authors hypothesized (假定) that the direction of seed

migration depends on how the plants interact with migratory

birds, the frequency of these interactions or the number of bird

species that might transport seeds from each plant species.

Perhaps the most striking feature of these inferred seed

movements is the observation that 35 percent of plant species

across European communities, which are closely related on the

phylogenetic tree (系统进化树), might benefit from long distance

dispersal by the northward journey of migratory birds. This

particular subset (小组) of plants tends to fruit over a long period

of time, or has fruits that persist over the winter. This means that

the ability of plants to keep up with climate change could be

shaped by their evolutionary history — implying that future

plant communities in the Northern Hemisphere will probably

come from plant species that are phylogenetically closely related

and that have migrated from the south.

This study provides a great example of how migratory birds

might assist plant redistribution to new locations that would

normally be difficult for them to reach on their own, and which

might offer a suitable climate.

28. Why are the rapid pace of global warming and its effect

mentioned in Paragraph 1?