2024年3月19日发(作者：笔记本u盘装系统教程)

经济学专业术语（中英文对照）

目录

经济学专业术语（中英文对照） .............................................................................................................................................. 1

1. 经济学原理 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2. 像经济学家一样思考 .......................................................................................................................................................... 3

3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 .................................................................................................................................................. 4

4. 供给与需求的市场力量 ...................................................................................................................................................... 4

5. 弹性及其应用 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6

6. 供给需求与政策 .................................................................................................................................................................. 6

7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 .............................................................................................................................................. 7

8. 赋税的应用 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7

9. 国际贸易 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7

10. 外部性.............................................................................................................................................................................. 8

11. 公共物品和公共资源 ...................................................................................................................................................... 8

12. 税制设计 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9

13. 生产成本 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 10

14. 竞争市场上的企业 ........................................................................................................................................................ 11

15. 垄断................................................................................................................................................................................ 12

16. 垄断竞争 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 12

17. 寡头................................................................................................................................................................................ 12

18. 生产要素市场 ................................................................................................................................................................ 13

19. 收入与歧视 .................................................................................................................................................................... 13

20. 收入不平等与贫困 ........................................................................................................................................................ 14

21. 消费者选择理论 ............................................................................................................................................................ 15

22. 微观经济学前沿 ............................................................................................................................................................ 16

23. 一国收入的衡量 ............................................................................................................................................................ 17

24. 生活费用的衡量 ............................................................................................................................................................ 18

25. 生产与增长 .................................................................................................................................................................... 18

26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 ................................................................................................................................................ 19

27. 金融学的基本工具 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20

28. 失业................................................................................................................................................................................ 21

29. 货币制度 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 22

30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 .................................................................................................................................................... 24

31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 ................................................................................................................................................ 25

32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 ............................................................................................................................................ 26

33. 总需求与总供给 ............................................................................................................................................................ 27

34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 ............................................................................................................................ 27

35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 ................................................................................................................................ 28

1. 经济学原理

经济:(economy)

稀缺性:(scarcity)

经济学:(economics)

效率:(efficiency)

平等:(equality)

机会成本:(opporyunity cost)

理性人:(rational people)

边际变动:(marginal change)

边际收益:(marginal benefit)

边际成本:(marginal cost)

激励:(incentive)

市场经济:(market economy)

产权:(property rights)

市场失灵:(market failure)

外部性:(externality)

市场势力:(market power)

生产率:(productivity)

通货膨胀:(inflation)

经济周期:(business cycle)

2. 像经济学家一样思考

循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)

生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)

微观经济学:(microeconomics)

宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)

实证表述:(positive statements)

规范表述:(normative statements)

有序数对:(ordered pair)

3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处

绝对优势:(absolute advantage)

机会成本:(apportunity cost)

比较优势:(comparative advantage)

进口品:(imports)

出口品:(exports)

4. 供给与需求的市场力量

市场:(market)

竞争市场:(competitive market)

需求量:(quantity demand)

需求定理:(law of demand)

需求表:(demand schedule)

需求曲线:(demand curve)

正常物品:(normal good)

低档物品:(inferior good)

替代品:(substitutes)

互补品:(complements)

供给量:(quantity supplied)

供给定理:(law of supply)

供给表:(supply schedule)

供给曲线:(supply curve)

均衡:(equilibrium)

均衡价格:(equilibrium price)

均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)

过剩:(surplus)

短缺:(shortage)

供求定理:(law of supply and demand)

5. 弹性及其应用

弹性:(elasticity)

需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)

总收益:(total revenue)

需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)

需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)

供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)

6. 供给需求与政策

价格上限:(price ceiling)

价格下限:(price floor)

税收归宿:(tax incidence)

7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率

福利经济学:(welfare economics)

支付意愿:(willingness to pay)

消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)

成本:(cost)

生产者剩余:(producer surplus)

效率:(efficiency)

平等:(equality)

8. 赋税的应用

无谓损失:(deadweight loss)

9. 国际贸易

世界价格:(world price)

关税:(tariff)

10. 外部性

外部性:(externality)

外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)

矫正税:(corrective taxes)

科斯定理:(coase theorem)

交易成本:(transaction cost)

11. 公共物品和公共资源

排他性:(excludability)

消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)

私人物品:(private goods)

公共物品:(public goods)

公共资源:(common resources)

俱乐部物品:(club goods)

搭便车者:(free rider)

成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)

公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)

12. 税制设计

纳税义务:(tax lianility)

预算赤字:(budget defict)

预算盈余:(budget surplus)

平均税率:(average tax rate)

边际税率:(marginal tax rate)

定额税:(lump-sum tax)

受益原则:(benefits principle)

支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)

纵向平等:(vertical equity)

横向平等:(horizontal equity)

比例税:(proportional tax)

累退税:(regressive tax)

累进税:(progressive tax)

13. 生产成本

总收益:(total revenue)

总成本:(total cost)

利润:(profit)

显性成本:(explicit costs)

隐性成本:(implicit costs)

经济利润:(economic profit)

会计利润:(counting profit)

生产函数:(production function)

边际产量:(marginal product)

边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)

固定成本:(fixed costs)

可变成本:(variable costs)

平均总成本:(average total cost)

平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)

平均可变成本:(average variable costs)

边际成本:(marginal cost)

有效规模:(efficient scale)

规模经济:(economies of scale)

规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)

规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale)

14. 竞争市场上的企业

竞争市场:(competitive market)

平均收益:(average revenue)

边际收益:(marginal revenue)

沉没成本:(sunk revenue)

15. 垄断

垄断企业:(monopoly)

自然垄断:(natural monopoly)

价格歧视:(price discrimination)

16. 垄断竞争

寡头:(oligopoly)

垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition)

17. 寡头

博弈论:(game theory)

勾结:(collusion)

卡特尔:(cartel)

纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)

囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)

占优策略:(dominant strategy)

18. 生产要素市场

生产要素:(factors of production)

生产函数:(production function)

劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)

边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)

边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)

资本:(capital)

19. 收入与歧视

补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)

人力资本:(human capital)

工会:(union)

罢工:(strike)

效率工资:(efficiency)

歧视:(discrimination)

20. 收入不平等与贫困

贫困率:(poverty rate)

贫困率:(poverty line)

实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)

生命周期:(life cycle)

持久收入:(permanent income)

功利主义:(utilitariansm)

效用:(utilitariansm)

自由主义:(liberalism)

最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)

负所得税:(negative income tax)

福利:(welfare)

社会保险:(social insurance)

自由至上主义:(libertarianism)

21. 消费者选择理论

预算约束线:(budget constraint)

无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)

边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)

完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)

完全互补品:(perfect complements)

正常物品:(normal good)

低档物品:(inferior good)

收入效应:(income effect)

替代效应:(substitution effect)

吉芬物品:(Giffen good)

22. 微观经济学前沿

道德风险:(moral hazard)

代理人:(agent)

委托人:(principal)

逆向选择:(adverse selection)

发信号:(signaling)

筛选:(screening)

政治经济学:(political economy)

康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)

阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)

中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)

行为经济学:(behavioral economics)

23. 一国收入的衡量

微观经济学:(microeconomics)

宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)

国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)

消费:(consumption)

投资:(investment)

政府购买:(government purchase)

净出口:(net export)

名义GDP:(nominal GDP)

真实GDP:(real GDP)

GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)

24. 生活费用的衡量

消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)

通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)

生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)

指数化:(indexation)

生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)

名义利率:(nominal interest rate)

25. 生产与增长

生产率:(productivity)

物质资本:(physical capital)

人力资本:(human capital)

自然资源:(natural resources)

技术知识:(technological knoeledge)

收益递减:(diminishing returns)

追赶效应:(catch-up effect)

26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系

金融体系:(financial system)

金融市场:(financial markets)

债券:(bond)

股票:(stock)

金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)

共同基金:(mutual fund)

国民储蓄:(national saving)

私人储蓄:(private saving)

公共储蓄:(public saving)

预算盈余:(budget surplus)

预算赤字:(budget deficit)

可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)

挤出:(crowding out)

27. 金融学的基本工具

金融学:(finance)

现值:(present value)

终值:(future value)

复利:(compounding)

风险厌恶:(risk aversion)

多元化:(diversification)

企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)

市场风险:(market risk)

基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)

有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)

信息有效:(informational efficiency)

随机游走:(random walk)

28. 失业

劳动力:(laborforce)

失业率:(unemployment rate)

劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)

自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)

周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)

失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)

摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)

结构性失业:(structural unemployment)

寻找工作:(job search)

失业保险:(unemployment insurance)

工会:(union)

集体谈判:(collective bargaining)

罢工:(strike)

效率工资:(essiciency wages)

29. 货币制度

货币:(money)

交换媒介:(medium of exchange)

计价单位:(unit of account)

价值储藏手段:(store of value)

流动性:(liquidity)

商品货币:(commodity money)

法定货币:(fiat money)

通货:(currency)

活期存款:(demand deposits)

联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)

中央银行:(central bank)

货币供给:(money supply)

货币政策:(monetary policy)

准备金:(reserves)

部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)

准备金率:(reserve ratio)

货币乘数:(money multiplier)

银行资本:(bank capital)

杠杆:(leverage)

杠杆率:(leverage ratio)

资本需要量:(capital requirement)

公开市场操作:(open-market operations)

贴现率:(discount rate)

法定准备金:(reserve requirements)

补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)

联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)

30. 货币增长与通货膨胀

铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)

货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)

名义变量:(nominal variables)

真实变量:(real variables)

古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)

货币中性:(monetary neutrality)

货币流通速度:(velocity of money)

数量方程式:(quantity equation)

通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)

费雪效应:(Fisher effect)

皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)

菜单成本:(menu costs)

31. 开放经济的宏观经济学

封闭经济:(closed economy)

开放经济:(open economy)

出口:(exports)

净出口:(net exports)

贸易余额:(trade balance)

贸易盈余:(trade surplus)

贸易平衡:(balanced trade)

贸易赤字:(trade deficit)

资本净流出:(net capital outflow)

名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)

升值:(appreciation)

贬值:(depreciation)

真实汇率:(real exchange rate)

购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)

32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论

贸易政策:(trade policy)

资本外逃:(capital flight)

33. 总需求与总供给

衰退:(recession)

萧条:(depression)

总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)

总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)

总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)

自然产出水平:(natural level of output)

滞胀:(stagflation)

34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响

流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)

财政政策:(fisical policy)

乘数效应:(multiplier effect)

挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)

自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)

35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍

菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)

自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)

供给冲击:(supply shock)

牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)

理性预期:(rational expectations)