2024年4月27日发(作者：)
语言学教程 chapter1-3
1. design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as
arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.
本质特征：决定了我们语言性质的特征。如任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性等等。
2. function: the use of language to communicate,to think ,ge
functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative
function, emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and
metalingual function.
功能：运用语言进行交流、思考等等。语言的功能包括信息功能、人际功能、施为功
能、感情功能。
3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist
Pike’s distinction of phonetics and etic means making far too
many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the
case with phonetic ic analysis in linguistics proper.
非位的：相对于“位学的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。
4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist
Pike’s distinction of phonetics and emic set of speech acts and
events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native
members of a speech communith rather than via appeal to the investigator’s
ingenuith or intuition alone.
位学的：相对于“非位的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。言语
行为和事件中的位学系统必须是有效而有意义的，是通过言语社会中的本族语者而不仅仅
是调查者的聪明和直觉获得的。
5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not
necessarily,the present),as its point of grammars are of this kind.
共时：以一个固定的时间（通常，但非必须，是现在）为它的观察角度的描写。大多
数的语法书属于此类型。
6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.
历时：在语言的历史过程中研究语言。
7. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how
ought to be, down rules for language use.
规定式：规定事情应该是怎样的。如制定语言运用规则。
8. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.
描写式：描述事情是怎样的。
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