2024年3月31日发(作者：)

汽车底盘中英文翻译

1 .Chassis

The chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating part of a

vehicle. The chassis includes the transmission, suspension, steering, and brake

systems.

Transmission systems ― conveys the drive to the wheels. The main components

are clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, final drive, and differential.

Suspension― absorbs the road shocks.

Steering― controls the direction of the movement.

Brake― slows down the vehicle.

Automobile Brake System

The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the

result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert

the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When

stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as

the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of

pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes.

Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the

service brake and the parking brake.

The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving.

They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The

primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is

unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking

brake foot pedal or hand lever is set.

The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master

cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake

pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel

“brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave

cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme

conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders

to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows

the car.

The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum

brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each

wheel to the master cylinder.

Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake,

the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks

at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or

stops the wheel so that the car is braked.

In most modern brake systems, there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called master

cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and

both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver’s compartment. When the

brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels. At

the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks. The

friction between the stationary shoes, or pads, and the revolving drums or disks slows

and stops them. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop

the car.

The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder. Most cars today have a

transparent reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover. The

brake fluid level will drop slightly as the brake pads wear. This is a normal condition

and no cause for concern. If the level drops noticeably over a short period of time or

goes down to about two thirds full, have your brakes checked as soon as possible.

Keep the reservoir covered except for the amount of time you need to fill it and never

leave a cam of brake fluid uncovered. Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling

point. Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that

boiling point.

The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of

steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses. Rubber hoses are only used in places that

require flexibility, such as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as

steer. The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special

fittings at all attachment points. If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to

replace the compete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using special

splice fittings that are made for brake system repair. You must never use copper tubing

to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal.

Drum brakes, it consists of the brake drum, an expander, pull back springs, a

stationary back plate, two shoes with friction linings, and anchor pins. The stationary

back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle. The

brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub. There is a clearance between the inner

surface of the drum and the shoe lining. To apply brakes, the driver pushes pedal, the

expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum. Friction between the brake

drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops. To release

brakes, the driver release the pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus

permitting free rotation of the wheels.

Disk brakes, it has a metal disk instead of a drum. A flat shoe, or disk-brake pad,

is located on each side of the disk. The shoes squeeze the rotating disk to stop the car.

Fluid from the master cylinder forces the pistons to move in, toward the disk. This

action pushes the friction pads tightly against the disk. The friction between the shoes

and disk slows and stops it. This provides the braking action. Pistons are made of

either plastic or metal. There are three general types of disk brakes. They are the

floating-caliper type, the fixed-caliper type, and the sliding-caliper type.

Floating-caliper and sliding-caliper disk brakes use a single piston. Fixed-caliper disk

brakes have either two or four pistons.

Steering System

Basic Parts of Steering System

The steering converts the steering –wheel rotary motion into a turn motion of the

steered wheels of the vehicle .

The basic steering system in most cars is the same . The steering gear of steering

box is the heart of the steering system .This is usually next to the engine . A shaft

extends from the back of the steering gear . This shaft is connected to the steering

column or steering shaft . The steering wheel is at the top of the steering column .

Another shaft comes from the bottom of the steering gear . This shaft connects to the

arms , rods , and links . This parts assembly , called the steering linkage , connects the

steering gear to the parts at the wheels . The wheels and tires mount to the steering

knuckles , the knuckles are pivoted at the top and bottom . Thus , the wheels and rites

can turn from side to side .

While the steering system may look complicated , it works quite simply . When a

driver drives a car straight down the road , the steering gear is centered . The gear

holds the linkage centered so that the wheels and tires point straight ahead . When the

driver turns the steering wheel , the steering shaft rotates and the steering gear moves

toward that side . The shaft coming out the bottom of the steering gear turns , as well .

When the shaft turns , it pulls the linkage to one side and makes the steering knuckles

turn slightly about their pivot points . Thus , the steering knuckle , spindle , wheels ,

and tires turn to one side , causing the car to turn .

The type of steering layout depends on the suspension system . The beam axle

used on heavy commercial vehicle has a king pin fitted at each end of the axle and

this pin is the pivot which allows the wheels to be steered . Cars have independent

suspension and this system has ball joints to allow for wheel movement .

Types of Steering System

A steering box must have the following qualities :

1) no play in the straight-ahead position

2)low friction , resulting in high efficiency

3)high rigidity ,

4)readjustability

For these reasons , these are several different types of steering gears . However ,

there are only two types of steering systems : manual steering systems and power

steering systems . In the manual type , the driver dose all the work of turning the

steering wheel , steering gear , wheels and tires . In the power , hydraulic fluid assists

the operation so that driver effort is reduced .

On today’s cars , two types of steering systems commonly are used to provide

steering control :

1) recirculating ball

2) rack and pinion

Either of these two types of steering mechanisms may be a fully mechanical

systems or a power –assisted system .

Front Suspension

The front suspension is more complicated than the rear suspension . This is

because the front wheels must move in several different directions . The wheels must

move up and down with the suspension and turn left to right with the steering . Since

the car goes in the direction in which the front wheels point , the alignment of the

front wheels is important . The wheels must point in just the right direction for the car

to move straight down the road and turn properly .

Modern cars uses an independent front suspension . In this system , each wheel

mounts separately to the frame and has its own individual spring and shock absorber .

Thus , the wheels act independently of one another . When one wheel hits a bump or

hole in the road , the other wheel dose not deflect .

Front Wheel Alignment

As a car moves down the high-way , the suspension moves the front wheels up

and down . At the same time , the steering mechanism moves the front wheels ,

sometimes to make turns and sometimes to make the travel straight . The angular

relationship between the wheels and suspension parts during this motion is the

front-end geometry . Since the geometry can change the alignment of front wheels is

adjustable . You can change the adjustment to compensate for spring sag .

The alignment of the front wheels affects the operation of a car . Poor alignment

can make a car pull to one side and stop the front wheels from returning to the

straight-ahead position after a turn . The three normally adjustable angles are caster ,

camber , and toe .

Rear Suspension

The purpose of the rear suspension is to support the weight of the rear of the

vehicle . As with the front suspension , this system contributes to the stability and ride

of the vehicle . Rear suspension may be of the solid axle or independent design .

Many cars have solid axle rear suspension . Either design may have different kinds of

springs , including torsion bars . However , the coil spring and leaf spring types are

most popular .

Wheels

The rim is made in one piece , with the wheel center welded or riveted to it .

Most modern vehicles use the drop center type . This drop center provides a well for

tire bead to drop into for tire removal . A slight hump at the head ledge holds the tire

in place should it go flat while driving .

Tires

Tires are important to your safety and comfort . They transmit the driving and

braking power to the road . The car’s directional control , road-ability and riding

comfort are greatly dependent on the tires . Tires should be selected and maintained

with great care .

There are two basic types of tires – those with inner tubes and those without

( called “tubeless” tires ) . Most modern automobile tires are of the tubeless type .

Truck and bus tire are usually of the tube type .

Tires are made of several layers of nylon , rayon , or polyester fabric bonded

together with belts of rayon , fiberglass , or steel cord . The rubber used in tires is a

blend of natural and synthetic rubber .

2.

底盘

底盘由汽车的主要操作部分组合而成。它包括传动系统、悬架、转向系统、

制动系统。

传动系统——驱动车轮。主要部件为离合器，变速箱，驱动轴，驱动桥和差

速器。

悬架——吸收路面冲击。

转向系统——控制行驶方向。

制动系统——停车。

制动系统

制动系统是汽车中最重要的系统。如果制动失灵，结果可能是灾难性的。制

动器实际上是能量转化装置，它将汽车的动能（动量）转化成热能（热量）。当

驾驶员踩下制动踏板，所产生的制动力是汽车运动时动力的10倍。制动系统能

对4个刹车系统中的每一个施加数千磅计的力。

每辆汽车上使用两个完全独立的制动系统，即行车制动器和驻车制动器。

行车制动器起到减速、停车、或保持车辆正常行驶的作用。行车制动器是由

司机用脚踩、松制动器踏板来控制的。驻车制动器的主要作用是当车内无人时保

持汽车静止不动。当独立的驻车制动器踏板或手杆被安装时，驻车制动器就被机

械地操作。

制动系统由下列的基本部件组成：位于发动机罩下方直接被连接到制动踏板

的“制动主缸”，它把驾驶员脚的机械力转化为液压力。钢制的“制动管路”和

有柔性的“制动软管”将制动主缸连接到每个轮子的“制动轮缸”上。 制动液,

特别是为工作在极端情况而设计的，填充在系统中。“制动蹄”和“衬块”是被

制动轮缸推动接触“圆盘”和“回转体”如此引起缓慢的拖拉运动, (希望)使

汽车减慢速度。

典型的制动系统由前后盘式或者前盘后鼓式组成，各个车轮上的制动器通过

一系列的管路系统连接到制动主缸。

基本上，所有的汽车制动器都是摩擦制动器。当司机刹车时，控制装置会迫

使制动蹄或制动衬片与旋转的制动鼓或制动盘接触。接触后产生的摩擦使车轮转

动变缓或停止，这即是汽车的制动。

在最新制动系统中，有一个内部冲门制动液的制动主缸。它包含两个独立部

分，每个部分里都有一个活塞，并且两个活塞都连接到驾驶室的制动踏板。当制

动踏板被踩下时，制动液将从制动主缸流入轮缸。在轮缸中，制动液推动制动蹄

或制动衬片与旋转的制动鼓或制动盘接触。接触后产生的摩擦力使汽车的运动逐

渐减缓或停止。

制动液的储液室位于制动主缸的顶部。目前大多数汽车都有个容易看见的装

制动液的储液室，为的是不用打开盖子就可以看到制动液的油面。正常无外因情

况下，随着制动踏板的运动制动液油面缓慢地下降。如果制动液在很短的时间内

下降明显或者下降了三分之二，就须立即检查你的制动系统。保持储液室充满制

动液除非你需要维修它，制动液必须保持很高的沸点。暴露在空气中的制动液会

吸收湿气引起制动液低于沸点。

制动液通过一系列的管路从主缸到达各车轮。橡胶软管只用在要求柔性的地

方，例如在前轮，在车的行进中上下来回运动。系统的其它部分在所有的连接点

上都专门使用了无腐蚀无缝钢管。如果钢线需要修理的话，最好的方法就是取代

整条线。如果这不符合实际，那么为了制动系统的修理可以用特殊的装置修理它。

你决不能用铜管来修理制动系统。这是危险的也是不正确的。

鼓式制动器包括制动鼓、一个轮缸、回拉弹簧、一个固定的制动底版、两个

带摩擦片的制动蹄、支承销。制动底板固定在轮轴外部的法兰或者转向节上。制

动鼓固定在轮毂上。制动鼓的内部表面与制动蹄的内层之间有空隙。要使用制动

器时，司机就要踩下踏板，这时轮缸扩大制动蹄，使制动蹄触碰到制动鼓。制动

鼓与摩擦片之间产生的摩擦制动了车轮，从而使汽车停止。要释放制动器时，司

机松开踏板，回拉弹簧拉回制动蹄，从而车轮自由转动。

盘式制动器包含一个钢盘而不是鼓，在它的两面上各有一个薄制动片或叫盘

式制动器的制动块。制动片是靠挤住旋转的制动盘来停住汽车。制动主缸里流出

的制动液迫使活塞向里部的金属盘移动，这使得摩擦片紧紧地贴住制动盘。这时

制动片与制动盘产生的摩擦使汽车减速、停止，出现了制动行为。活塞由塑料或

者金属制造。盘式制动器主要有3种，即：浮动卡钳型、固定卡钳型和滑动卡钳

型。浮动卡钳型和滑动卡钳型盘式制动器使用单活塞。固定卡钳型盘式制动器既

可以使用2个活塞或4个活塞。

转向系统

转向系统的基本部分

汽车的转向系统将方向盘的旋转运动转化为转向轮的转动。

大多数汽车的转向系统的基本部分是一样的。转向系统的核心部件就是转向

器中的转向齿轮。通常发动机也如此。一根轴从转向齿轮的后方延伸出来。这轴

是连接到转向柱管或者转向轴的。方向盘就在转向柱管的顶部。另一根轴则从转

向齿轮的底部引出。这根轴连接摇臂、柱管和连接物。这一部分的装置，叫做转

向传动机构。转向齿轮通过这一部分连接到转向车轮。转向车轮安装在转向节上。

转向节绕其轴线旋转。这样，车轮和轮胎就从一边转向另一边。

虽然转向系统看起来很复杂，但它的工作十分简单。当司机驾驶汽车直线行

驶时，转向齿轮是在中心。它能保持传动机构的稳定以使车轮和轮胎直线行驶。

当驾驶员转动方向盘时，转向轴旋转使得转向齿轮转向另一边。随着转向齿轮的

旋转，转向轴在底部旋转出来，它推动传动机构到另一边使转向节绕其支点轻轻

地转过一个角度。这样，转向节、主轴、轮子及轮胎转向另一边，促使汽车转向。

转向系统布局类型取决于悬架系统。梁型横轴用于重型商用车，它有一个主

销安装在每个车轴的端部，并且允许安装在其上的车轮绕主销中心旋转。汽车拥

有独立悬架系统且这个系统有球关节允许车轮活动。

转向系统的类型

转向器必须含有以下性能：

能保持稳定的直线行驶

低摩擦，高效率

刚性高

有自动回正功能

由于这个原因，这里有几种不同类型的转向齿轮。可是却只有两种不同类型

的转向系统：机械转向系统和动力转向系统。机械转向系统中，驱动方向盘、转

向齿轮、车轮及轮胎的力都由驾驶员提供。而在动力转向系统中，液压油协助操

作使得驾驶员较为省力。

现代汽车，两种类型的转向系统被普便地用于提供转向控制：

循环球

齿杆和齿条

这两种转向系统都是完全机械系统或者动力转向系统。

前悬架

前悬架比后悬架更加的复杂，那是因为前轮需要向几个不同的方向移动。前

轮必须随着悬架上下移动，同时，伴随着转向器左右转弯。因为汽车要向前轮所

指的方向行驶，所以前轮校准十分重要。轮子必须指向正确的方向从而保证汽车

直线行驶，如此转弯才适当。

现代的汽车使用一个独立的前悬架。在这个系统中，每个轮子分开驱动，还

拥有各自的弹簧和减震器。因此，车轮之间互不影响。当一个轮子碰到障碍物或

掉入路面洞穴时，另外一个轮子不受影响。

前轮定位

当一辆汽车在高速公路行驶时，悬架驱动前轮上下运动。同时，驱动装置驱

动前轮，有些时候转弯或直线行驶。车轮与悬架部分之间在运动中的角度关系是

最大转向角几何学。由于角度可以变化，因此前轮定位也是可以调节的。你可以

调节角度使弹簧得到运动补偿。

前轮定位影响着车辆的操作性能。有限的前轮定位能让汽车转向一边。并且

停止前轮转向直线位置。三个通常可调节角度是：主销倾角、车轮倾角、轮胎缘

距。

后悬架

汽车后悬架的作用为支撑汽车后部的重量。由于有了前悬架，后悬架的主要

作用是稳定性和行驶性。后悬架可以是实心轴或者独立设计。许多汽车都有实心

轴的后悬架。每个后悬架的设计都有各种不同种类的弹簧，包括一些扭转条。然

而，缠绕型的和长型弹簧特别受欢迎。

车轮

车轮轮缘做成了片状，通过焊接或铆接连接到车轮中心。现代大多数车辆使

用降低汽车重心的类型。重心的降低有益于轮胎孔安装轮胎。孔边缘细小的隆起

部分能让轮胎保持直线行驶。

轮胎

轮胎对你行车的安全性和舒适性非常重要。它们将行驶和刹车时的能量传递

给路面。汽车直线行驶控制、路面能力和行驶舒适性很大程度上依赖于轮胎。因

此，轮胎必须精挑细选和精心保养。

轮胎有两种基本类型——一些有内胎的而另一些没有内胎（也称真空胎）。

大多数现代轿车都的采用真空胎，而卡车和客车则采用有内胎的轮胎。

轮胎使用几层尼龙、人造丝或者一些聚酯织物和人造皮带、玻璃纤维或钢绳

粘合在一起的。轮胎中的橡胶是天然合成橡胶。