2024年3月16日发(作者：)

2020-2021学年高三英语第四次联考试卷及参考答案

第一部分 阅读（共两节，满分40分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项

A

Conservation Volunteering in New Zealand

Whether you are a student, professional or a retiree (退休者), anyone is welcome to make a difference and

contribute to protecting some of the most beautiful islands in the world. Choose a suitable city and travelout to

your conservation (保护) site to work with local people!

Duration: 1-12 weeks Dates: Throughout the year

Arrival day: Friday Return day: Friday

Requirement: General level of fitness Age: 18+

What will I be doing?

Volunteer in New Zealand and enjoy conserving the environment through activities such as:

·Tree planting

·Walking trail construction

·Protect native birds, insects, fish and penguins

·Seed collection

·Weed control

You, and a group of up to 10 volunteers, will work under the guidance of a conservation team leader. Your

team leader will give you regular safety instructions, inform you of the project aims and assist you with working

effectively.

No previous experience is necessary to join the project. All you need is a love of the environment and a fairly

good level of fitness to help out!

can sign up for this conservation volunteering project?

A.A retired maths teacher. B.A primary school student.

C.A scientist with heart disease. D.A businessman in a wheelchair.

can you do on the volunteer trip?

t cultural sites and go shopping.

local sightseeing and go fishing.

t weeds and build roads.

t seeds and plant trees.

which is the text probably taken?

A.A history book. B.A travel magazine.

C.A research paper. D.A novel.

B

Why isn’t science better? Look at career incentive(激励).There are oftensubstantial gaps between the

idealized and actual versions of those people whose work involves providing a social good. Government officials

are supposed to work for their constituents. Journalists are supposed to provide unbiased reporting and

penetrating analysis. And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous

and skeptical of methods.

All too often, however, what should be just isn’t so. In a number of scientific fields, published findings turn

out not toreplicate(复制), or to have smaller effects than, what was initially claimed. Plenty of science does

replicate — meaning the experiments turn out the same way when you repeat them - but the amount that

doesn’t is too much for comfort.

But there are also waysin which scientists increase their chances of getting it wrong. Running studies with

small samples, mining data for correlations and forming hypotheses to fit an experiment’s results after the fact are

just some of the ways to increase the number of false discoveries.

It’s not like we don't know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about

feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls ondeaf ? Why aren't scientific

methods better than they are? In a word: incentives. But perhaps not in the way you think.

In the 1970s, psychologists and economists began to point out the danger in relying on quantitative measures

for social decision-making. For example, when public schools are evaluated by students’ performance on

standardized tests, teachers respond by teaching “to the test”. In turn, the test serves largely as of how well the

school can prepare students for the test.

We can see this principle—often summarized as “when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good

measure”—playing out in the realm of research. Science is a competitive enterprise. There are far more

credentialed (授以证书的) scholars and researchers than there are university professorships or comparably

prestigious research positions. Once someone acquires a research position, there is additional competition for

tenure grant funding, and support and placement for graduate students. Due to this competition for resources,

scientists must be evaluated and compared. How do you tell if someone is a good scientist?

An oft-used metric is the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the status of

those journals. Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare researchers whose work may otherwise be

quite different. Unfortunately, this also makes these numbers susceptible to exploitation.

If scientists are motivated to publish often and in high-impact journals, we might expect them to actively try

to game the system. And certainly, some do—as seen in recent high-profile cases of scientific fraud(欺诈). If

malicious fraud is the prime concern, then perhaps the solution is simply heightened alertness.

However, most scientists are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest. The

problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms without any intention on the part of individuals.

4. Which of the following is TRUE about the general trend in scientific field?

A. Scientists are persistently devoted to exploration of reality.

B. The research findings fail to achieve the expected effect.

C. Hypotheses are modified to highlight the experiments' results.

D. The amount of science that does replicate is comforting.

5. What doesdeaf earsin the fourth paragraph probably refer to?

A. The public. B. The incentive initiators. C. The peer researchers. D.

The high-impact journal editors.

6. Which of the following does the author probably agree with?

A. Good scientists excel in seeking resources and securing research positions.

B. Competition for resources inspires researchers to work in a more skeptical way.

C. All the credentialed scholars and researchers will not take up university professorships.

D. The number of publication reveals how scientists are bitterly exploited.

7. According to the author, what might be a remedy for the fundamental problem in scientific research?

A. High-impact journals are encouraged to reform the incentives for publication.

B. The peer-review process is supposed to scale up inspection of scientific fraud.

C. Researchers are motivated to get actively involved in gaming the current system.

D. Career incentives for scientists are expected to consider their personal intention.

C

Recycling plastic has always been a stop-start effort, and the wide variety of plastics we produce, the

pollution from waste, and other limitations make recycling an economic(经济) problem. It’s estimated(估计)only 9%

of plastic ever created has been recycled. But with the help of a chemical process, Canadian Miranda Wang and

her company BioCellection want to change that.

Stability is one of plastic greatest qualities and downside. There's limited evidence that some plastics can

biodegrade (生物降解)but largely photo-plastics degrade in the sun. It’s a long process, and the truth is that we

can only estimate how long it takes. Wang is looking to break the inaction and BioCellection's task is to make most

plastic waste recyclable.

She outlines two current methods. One is to take plastics like water bottles, wash them, cut them, melt and

reconstitute them. “That's a very limited process” she says, due to the requirement that plastics be “clean” . The

other, which can handle dirtier plastics and a level of pollution, is called hydrolysis(热解). Intense heat is applied to

break down plastics so they can be reused as oils for energy, but “it’s not economical,’’ she says.

BioCellection’s solution builds on research from over ten years ago, Wang explains, when a US

studydiscovered pure polyethylene powder (聚乙烯粉)could be broken down by a catalyst (催化剂). Wang and

her co-founder Jean hit upon a bacterium being able to eat plastic. In the years since, they engineered a

comparable catalyst capable of doing the same job, only faster, which even works on plastics no one else can

recycle at present. “We have now found a catalyst that is much cheaper than the one that was used before, Wang

says.

Currently focusing on plastic films like shopping hags, the three-hour process breaks clown plastic into

chemicals that can act as the building blocks for more complex plastic products.

“Right now we’re able to achieve about 70% transformation from plastic waste material to these chemicals,”

she adds, saying they’re working to increase that figure.

8. Why has so little plastic been recycled?

A. Plastic is chemically stable. B. Recycling plastic led to pollution.

C. We produced various plastics. D. Most photo-plastics degrade in the sun.

9. What does Wang think of the two current methods?

A. Highly effective and dynamic. B. Expensive and pollution-causing.

C. Limited and energy-consuming. D. Widely used and recognized.

10. What did BioCellection find effective to recycle plastics?

A. Polyethylene powder. B. Chemical products.

C. Plastic films. D. A catalyst.

11. What is the text mainly about?

A. Miranda Wang and her company. B. A new plastic recycling method.

C. The greatest downside of plastic. D. Transformation of plastic waste.

D

ANew Zealandcouncil has announced a month-long road closure in order to allow a sea lion and her pup to

reach the ocean safely.

John Wilson Ocean Drive in Dunedin will be closed after the New Zealand sea lions made their home at a

nearby golf course and started "regularly crossing the road to get to the beach," according to a Facebook post

from Dunedin City Council.

"You can still visit the area on foot or by bicycle, but please give the sea lions lots of space," continued the

post.

Locals applauded the decision, and one even called for the closure to be made permanent.

"No dogs should be on the beach, either," wrote Gaylene Smith. "We need to protect our beautiful sea life."

Dogs are known to attack sea lions, and Chisholm Links Golf Course, where the sea lions have made their

home, also posted advice to dog walkers in a Facebook update.

"We're lucky to have sea lions on our coastline and we need to share the space with them,as this is what

makes our coastline so unique!" wrote the course on Facebook.

The council went on to explain thatNew Zealandsea lions are endangered, and are one of the world's rarest

species of sea lion.

There are an estimated 12,000New Zealandsea lions left, according to the Department of Conservation.

Under local law, anyone who kills a sea lion could face up to two years in prison or a fine of up to

NZ$250,000(US$178,000).

12. What decision has the Dunedin City Council made?

A. Closing an ocean drive for a month. B. Forbidding entry into a golf course.

C. Forbidding walking dogs outside. D. Closing the nearby beach temporarily.

13. How did the City Council announce the decision?

A. By informing on TV. B. By sending out notices.

C. By posting on Facebook. D. By advertising in a newspaper.

14. What is the attitude of the local people toward the closure?

A. Doubtful. B. Supportive. C. Uncaring. D. Critical.

15. What can we learn aboutNew Zealandsea lions from the text?