2024年5月15日发(作者：电视品牌排行榜2022最新排名)

Sentence Types

1. simple sentences,

2. compound sentences,

3. complex sentences, and

4. compound-complex sentences.

I. Simple Sentences

e.g. Freshwatear boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level.

Freshwater boils at 100 degrees and freezes at 0 degrees Celsius.

Freshwater and salt water do not boil and do not freeze at the same

temperature.

II. Compound sentences

In compound sentences, two or more ideas in a sentence are equally

important in meaning.

a.

With a coordinator

Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater, so food cooks faster

in salt water.

b.

With a conjuctive adverb

e.g. Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; therefore, food

cooks faster in salt water.

c. With a semicolon

e.g. Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; food cooks faster

in salt water.

a. With Coordinators

FAN BOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)

1. for (to add a reason)

Japanese people live longer than most other nationalities, for they eat

healthful diets.

2. and (to add a similar, equal idea)

They eat a lot of fish and vegetables, and they eat lightly.

3. nor (to add a negative equal idea)

e.g. They do not eat a lot of meat, nor do they eat many dairy products.

4. but (to add an opposite idea)

e.g. Diet is one factor in how long people live, but it is not the only factor.

I want to study art, but my parents want me to study engineering. (direct

opposite)

5. or (to add an alternative possibility)

e.g. However, people should limit the amount of animal fat in their diets, or

they risk getting heart diseases.

6. yet (to add an unexpected or surprising continuation)

e.g. Cigarette smoking is a factor in longevity, yet Japanese and other

long-lived Asians have a very high rate of tobacco use.

I am very bad at math, yet my parents want me to study engineering.

(surprising continuation after "I am very bad at math")

7. so (to add an expected result)

e.g. Doctors say that stress is another longevity factor, so try to avoid stress if

you wish to live a longer life.

Task

Which coordinator would you use to connect the two clauses in these

sentences?

1 a. Too much sun damages the skin, many people still do not use sunscreen.

b. Too much sun damages the skin, too little sun also causes health problems.

2 a. The company's sales increased last year, its profits declined.

b. The company moved its marketing division to Phoenix, the operations

division stayed in Boston.

3 a. Population growth has slowed in most developing countries, ____ it has

not slowed enough to avoid serious problems.

b. The fertility rate in India has decreased from 6 to 3 births per female, ____

India's population is expanding at the rate of 18 million per year.

Exercise:

For each pair of the following sentences form a compound sentence by joining

the two independent clauses with a coordinator that best fits the meaning. Use

each FAN BOYS coordinator once. Write your new sentences on a separate sheet of

paper, and punctuate them correctly. The first one has been done for you as an

example.

1. Nuclear accidents can happen. Nuclear power plants must have strict safety

controls. Nuclear accidents can happen, so nuclear power plants must have strict

safety controls.

2. The accident at the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island in the United

States created fears about the safety of this energy source. The disaster at

Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union confirmed them.

3. Solar heating systems are economical to operate. The cost of installation is

very high.

4. Energy needs are not going to decrease. Energy sources are not going to

increase. (Use nor and question word order in the second clause, deleting the word

not).

5. Burning fossil fuels causes serious damage to our planet. We need to

develop other sources of energy.

6. Ecologists know that burning fossil fuels causes holes in the ozone layer.

People continue to do it

7. Developing nations especially will continue this harmful practice. They do

not have the money to develop "clean" energy sources.

8. All nations of the world must take action. Our children and grandchildren

will suffer the consequences.

b. Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs

1. To add a similar, equal idea

Also, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover, as well, too

E.g.

Community Colleges offer preparation for many occupations;

also/besides/furthermore/in addition/moreover, they prepare students to transfer

to a four year college or university.

Community Colleges offer preparation for many occupations; they prepare

students to transfer to a four year college or university as well.

Community Colleges offer preparation for many occupations; they prepare

students to transfer to a four year college or university, too.

2. To add an unexpected or surprising continuation

However, nevertheless, nonetheless, still

e.g.

The cost of attending a community college is low;

however/nevertheless/nonetheless/still, many students need financial aid.

3. To add a complete contrast

On the other hand, in contrast

E.g.

Tuition at a community college is low; on the other hand/in contrast,

tuition at private schools is high.

4 To give an alternative

Otherwise

e.g. Students must take final exams; otherwise, they will receive a grade of

incomplete.

5. To add an expected result

accordingly, as a result, consequently, hence, therefore, thus

e.g.

Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs;

accordingly/as a result/consequently/hence/therefore/thus, most schools provide

separate English classes for each group.

6. To add an example

For example, for instance

e.g.

Most colleges now have a writing requirement for graduation; for

example/for instance, students at my college must pass writing test before they

register for their final semester.

c. Compound Sentences with Semicolons

A third way to form a compound sentence is to connect the two independent

clauses with a semicolon alone:

e.g. Poland was the first Eastern European country to turn away from

communism; others soon followed.

Exercise:

Use what you have learned about forming compound sentences to improve

the following mini-essay, which contains many short, simple sentences. Combine

sentences wherever possible. Try to use each of the three methods at least once.

There are many possible ways to combine sentences.

Robots

1 A robot is a mechanical device that can perform boring, dangerous, and

difficult tasks. 2 First of all, robots can perform repetitive tasks without becoming

tired or bored. 3 They are used in automobile factories to weld and paint. 4 Robots

can also function in hostile environments. 5 They are useful for exploring the

ocean bottom as well as deep outer space. 6 Finally, robots can perform tasks

requiring pinpoint accuracy. 7 1n the operating room, robotic equipment can

assist the surgeon. 8 For instance, a robot can kill a brain tumor. 9 1t can operate

on a fetus with great precision.

10 The field of artificial intelligence is giving robots a limited ability to think

and to make decisions. 11 However, robots cannot think conceptually. 12 Robots

cannot function independently. 13 Humans have to program them. 14 They are

useless. [Use otherwise to combine sentences 13 and 14.] 15 Therefore, humans

should not worry that robots will take over the world-at least not yet.

III. Complex Sentences

In a complex sentence, some ideas are less important than other ideas for your

meaning. Usually the main idea appears in the main clause, and supporting

information appears in subordinate clauses.

Example:

General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson was also called “Old Jack,” and his

full name was James Longstreet.

Revision: Another Southern general, whose full name was James Longstreet,

was called “Old Pete.”

IV. Compound-complex Sentences

e.g.

I wanted to travel after I graduated from college; however, I had to go to work

immediately.

After I graduated, I wanted to travel, but I had to go to work immediately.

I wanted to travel after I graduated from college, but I had to go to work

immediately because I had to support my family.

I could not decide where I should work or what I should do, so at first I did

nothing.