2024年4月29日发(作者：为什么手机尽量不要以旧换新)

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12

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PrimitiveandAdvancedTermiteSpecies

Paragraph1

：

Termitesareinsectsthatcollectvegetation,chewitup,andleavethe

tprimitive

termitesswallowthechewedvegetationandpassittoafermentationchamberintheir

,anaerobicbacteriabreakdownthecellulose,anorganiccompoundthat

mitesarenourishedbythe

ever-growingpopulationofmicroorganismsintheirgutsthatturnthegrass,leaves,

domuchthesamething:theyallow

bacteriatofermentthecelluloseinanairtightrumen(digestivechamber),andthen

digestthebacteria.

1..Accordingtoparagraph1,inwhatwayarethemostprimitivetermiteslikecattle

○Theyhavetwowaysofbreakingdownthecelluloseinvegetation.

○Theygetnonutritionalbenefitfromeatingvegetation.

○Theirdigestivechambersarenotairtight.

○Theyrelyonbacteriatoprocessthevegetationtheyingest.

Paragraph2

：

Termiteevolutionhasseveralobvioustrends,fromprimitivespecies,

whichliveinsmallhiddencolonies,togroupsmillionsstrong,thebuildersof

sadvancedgroups

digestmicroorganisms,ture

(colony)

termitesfeedonaspecialliquidsecretionprovidedbyadults,richinthegroup's

productivetermitesthosedestinedtoproduceoffspring

leavethenest,theycarryintheirstomachsthemicroorganismsessentialforthe

colonyofthesetermiteswithanantibiotic

solution,andtheywillslowlystarvetodeath.

2..Thephrasespecialexchangeinthepassagerefersto

○thetransferofcellulosedigestersfromonecolonyoftermitestoanother

○thedevelopmentofsmallcoloniesintomuchlargerones

○thetransferofliquidsecretionsfromadulttermitestoyoungtermites

○thedepartureofcertainreproductivetermitesandthearrivalofothers

3..WhydoestheauthorincludethestatementTreatacolonyofthesetermiteswithan

antibioticsolution,andtheywillslowlystarvetodeath

○Tosuggestonereasonwhytermitessometimesleaveacolony

○Toemphasizehowdependentthetermitesareonbacteria

○Toaccountfortheeliminationofcertaintermitelineages

○Tohelpexplainwhytermitesprotectessentialmicroorganismsbycarryingthemin

theirstomachs

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Paragraph3

：

rgy

sourceisstillcellulose,butitisdigestedoutsidethetermite'ingto

carryaroundlargechambersofslowlyfermentingcellulosesolutionmakesthese

rsbringtwigsandleavesbacktospecial

entransplantbitsoffungusgrowingonotherpiecesof

nearbyvegetationontothegnawededges,wherethefungibreakdownthecellulose.

Fungiistheonlykingdomoforganismsabletodigestcelluloseinair,thoughthey

justwhatthetermites

er,thesesocialinsectscarefullytendthefungus-coveredvegetation

bytreatingitwithantibioticstheysecretetokeepbacterialgrowthtoaminimum.

Whenitistimeforthefungustoreproduce,piecesarecarriedintotheopento

eciesoffungiarefoundonlyintermitemoundsofa

particularspecies;withouttheircaretakers,sstosay,the

termiteseatthefungi;uctivetermiteseven

carryachunkoffungiwhentheyleaveonmatingflights.

4..ThephraseNeedlesstosayinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○Ontheotherhand

○Mostimportantly

○Obviously

○Besides

5..Accordingtoparagraph3,eachofthefollowingistrueaboutthefungifoundin

termitenestsEXCEPT:

○Thefungicandigestcelluloseinthepresenceofair.

○Thefungisecreteantibioticstokeepbacterialgrowthtoaminimum.

○Thefungireproduceintheopenwiththehelpoftermites.

○Thefungineedawarm,humidenvironmenttofunctioneffectively.

Paragraph4

：

Theevolutionarytrendintermitesistoforsakeexcavatednestsinsoilor

wood,likethoseofmostants,forcartonnestsconstructedinsideexcavationsoron

trees.(Whenreferringtotermites,cartonmeans,broadly,nestingmaterialconsisting

ofamixofadhesivesalivaorfeceswithearthorpulp,andevensand,tocreatecells,

floors,walls,gracefularches,tieredroofs,chimneystacks,andbuttressedtowersup

totwentyfeethigh.)Primitivetermitesdonotstorefood;theylivefromhandto

mouth,insidearottingtree,edtermiteshavespecialcartonareas

forfoodtheyholdinreserve;thesesuppliesconsistofnonperishablematerialsuchas

grassclippings,analogoustothehayandstrawfedtocattleinthewinter,andarekept

ivespeciesneedwetcellulose,suchasdampwood;more

advancedspeciescanalsoprocessdrymaterial.

6..Thewordadhesiveinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○sticky

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○wet

○ordinary

○released

7..Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthe

highlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaningin

importantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

○Inwinter,whenfreshgrassisnotavailable,termitesmustrelyonnonperishable

foodsourcessuchashayandstraw.

○Advancedtermitesstoredifferentfoodsindifferentchambers,reservingtheleast

perishablematerialforwinter.

○Advancedtermiteshavespecialchamberswheretheystorenonperishablefood

supplies.

○Advancedtermites'suppliesofgrassclippingsarelikehayandstrawfedtocattlein

winter.

8..Paragraph4suggeststhatforprimitivetermites,amajoradvantageofnesting

insidearottingtreeisthatarottingtree

○isaveryeasysitetoexcavate

○providesareadysourceofwetcellulose

○providesalotofrawmaterialformakingcarton

○helpspreservestoredfood

Paragraph5

：

Toexpandtheirnicheinthisway,dry-diettermitesrequireasourceof

habitats,theyexcavateverticaltunnelsdowntothewatertable,asmuch

as150feetbelow,whichfanoutatthebasetoincreasetheareaofcontactandthus

y,lessadvancedtermites

complexspecies,ontheotherhand,

ensurethattheycanworkinsafety,theyburrowshallowlythroughtheearthorbuild

mud-coveredtunnelsonthesurfaceofthegroundortreesandaroundthefoodthey

wishtoharvest.

9..Thewordensureinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○show

○prove

○suggest

○guarantee

10..Accordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingistrueabouttheverticaltunnels

constructedbydry-diettermites

○Theyallowwaterfromthesurfacetoaccumulateunderground.

○Theyaregenerallywideratthetopthanatthebottom.

○Theyprovideextraspacesothatdry-diettermitepopulationscanexpand.

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○Theyareconstructedtoprovidedirectaccesstowater.

11..Accordingtoparagraph5,whydotermitesbuildmud-coveredtunnelsonthe

surfaceoftheground

○Tomakeharvestingfoodlessdangerous

○Tocreateasafeplacetolive

○Toavoidcontactwithsurfacewater

○Toavoidcompetitionwithspeciesthatcreatedeepundergroundtunnels

12..Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbe

addedtothepassage.

Thisremarkableadaptation,however,isnotuniquetotermites.

WherewouldthesentencebestfitClickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothe

passage.

Termitesareinsectsthatcollectvegetation,chewitup,andleavethechemical

breakdowntootherorganisms.

【

A

】

tprimitive

termitesswallowthechewedvegetationandpassittoafermentationchamberintheir

bodies.

【

B

】

There,anaerobicbacteriabreakdownthecellulose,anorganiccompound

mitesarenourishedbythe

ever-growingpopulationofmicroorganismsintheirgutsthatturnthegrass,leaves,

andtwigstheinsectsingestintoglucose.

【

C

】

Cattledomuchthesamething:they

allowbacteriatofermentthecelluloseinanairtightrumen(digestivechamber),and

thendigestthebacteria.

【

D

】

ewthepassage,clickon

ViewText.

AnswerChoices(

左边选两个，右边选三个，判断各个行为符合哪种

)

PrimitivetermitesAdvancedtermites

AnswerChoices

ngionchewedvegetation

hewvegetation

mainclosetoorinsidewood

etodigestcelluloseinair

sumedryvegetation

reoffungithatbreakdowncellulose

odychamberspecificallyforbreakingdowncellulose

ElementsofLife

157

Paragraph1

：

Thecreationofliferequiresasetofchemicalelementsformakingthe

Earthusesabout25ofthe92naturallyoccurring

chemicalelements,althoughjust4oftheseelementsoxygen,carbon,hydrogen,and

,afirst

requirementforlifemightbethepresenceofmostoralloftheelementsusedbylife.

1..Thewordcomponentsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○parts

○bodies

○combinations

○characteristics

Paragraph2

：

Interestingly,thisrequirementcanprobablybemetbyalmostanyworld.

Scientistshavedeterminedthatallchemicalelementsintheuniversebesides

hydrogenandhelium(andatraceamountoflithium)

areknownasheavyelementsbecausetheyareheavierthanhydrogenandhelium.

Althoughalloftheseheavyelementsarequiterarecomparedtohydrogenandhelium,

theyarefoundjustabouteverywhere.

2..Accordingtoparagraphs1and2,livingcellscontainwhichofthefollowing

○Allchemicalelementsintheuniverseexceptlithium

○About25differentelements

○About96percentofallknownelements

○Ninety-twonaturallyoccurringelements

Paragraph3

：

Heavyelementsarecontinuallybeingmanufacturedbystarsand

releasedintospacebystellardeaths,sotheiramountcomparedtohydrogenand

lementsmakeupabout2percentofthe

chemicalcontent(bymass)ofoursolarsystem;theother98percentishydrogenand

veryoldstarsystems,whichformedbeforemanyheavyelements

wereproduced,heless,

everystarsystemstudiedhasatleastsomeamountofalltheelementsusedbylife.

Moreover,whenplanetesimals---small,solidobjectsformedintheearlysolarsystem

thatmayaccumulatetobecomeplanetscondensewithinaformingstarsystem,they

areinevitablymadefromheavyelementsbecausethemorecommonhydrogenand

,planetesimalseverywhereshouldcontaintheelements

neededforlife,whichmeansthatobjectsbuiltfromplanetesimalsplanets,moons,

asteroids,ureofsolar-system

formationexplainswhyEarthcontainsalltheelementsneededforlife,anditiswhy

weexpecttheseelementstobepresentonotherworldsthroughoutoursolarsystem,

galaxy,anduniverse.

3..Whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthat"Heavyelementsarecontinually

beingmanufacturedbystarsandreleasedintospacebystellardeaths"

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○Toexplainhowitisthattheelementsrequiredforlifecanbefoundeverywhere

○Toprovideevidencethatoursolarsystemisrelativelyyoung

○Toarguethatsomesolarsystemsaremorelikelytosupportlifethanothers

○Toexplainwhyheavyelementshavegreatermassthanhydrogenandhelium

4..Paragraph3suggeststhatwhichofthefollowingmaybeadifferencebetweenvery

oldstarsystemsandnewerstarsystems

○Olderstarsystemsarelikelytohavefewerplanets,moons,asteroids,andcomets

thannewerstarsystems.

○Newerstarsystemsprobablycontainmorehydrogenandheliumthanolderstar

systems.

○Newerstarsystemsprobablycontainmoreheavyelementsthanolderstarsystems.

○Theprocessofsolar-systemformationmayhavebeenfundamentallydifferentin

olderstarsystemsthaninnewerstarsystems.

5..ThewordNeverthelessinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○additionally

○however

○inparticular

○onthecontrary

6..Thewordinevitablyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○typically

○unsurprisingly

○necessarily

○naturally

7..Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthe

highlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaningin

importantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

○Planetesimalsmayremaininstarsystemswhenhydrogenandheliumcombinewith

lesscommonheavierelements.

○Planetesimalsarecomposedofheavyelementsbecausehydrogenandheliumstay

intheformofgases.

○Planetesimalsaresmall,solidobjectsthatcondensewithinaformingstarsystem

andmaybecomeplanets.

○Whenplanetesimalsaccumulatetoformplanets,theyinevitablycontaingaseousas

wellasheavyelements.

Paragraph4

：

Notethatthisargumentdoesnotchange,evenifweallowforlifevery

Earthiscarbonbased,andmostbiologistsbelieve

r,wecannot

absolutelyruleoutthepossibilityoflifewithanotherchemicalbasis,suchassilicon

ofelements(ortheirrelativeproportions)usedbylifebasedon

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someotherelementmightbesomewhatdifferentfromthatusedbycarbon-basedlife

elementsarestillproductsofstarsandwouldstillbepresentin

erwhatkindsoflifewearelookingfor,weare

likelytofindthenecessaryelementsonalmosteveryplanet,moon,asteroid,and

cometintheuniverse.

8..Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutpossiblelifeon

otherplanets

○Itcannotbebasedonsiliconornitrogen.

○ItcouldnotsurviveonEarth.

○Itprobablywouldnotbemadeofelementsproducedbystars.

○Itislikelytohavecarbonasitschemicalbasis.

Paragraph5

：

Asomewhatstricterrequirementisthepresenceoftheseelementsin

moleculesthatcanbeusedasready-madebuildingblocksforlife,justasearlyEarth

's

organicmoleculeslikelycamefromsomecombinationofthreesources:chemical

reactionsintheatmosphere,chemicalreactionsneardeep-seaventsintheoceans,and

sttwosourcescanoccur

onlyonworldswithatmospheresoroceans,thirdsourceshould

havebroughtsimilarmoleculestonearlyallworldsinoursolarsystem.

9..Accordingtoparagraph5,allofthefollowingaretrueoftheorganicmoleculeson

earlyEarthEXCEPT:

○SomeofthemwereprobablybroughttoEarthbyasteroidsorcomets.

○Someofthemprobablyformedintheatmosphereandoceans.

○Theywereprobablysignificantlydifferentfromtheorganicmoleculespresenton

otherplanetsinthesolarsystem.

○Theyincludedcomplexmolecules.

Paragraph6

：

Studiesofmeteoritesandcometssuggestthatorganicmoleculesare

eeachbodyinthesolarsystem

wasrepeatedlystruckbyasteroidsandcometsduringtheperiodknownastheheavy

bombardment(about4billionyearsago),eachbodyshouldhavereceivedatleast

r,thesemoleculestendtobedestroyedbysolar

er,whilethesemolecules

mightstayintactbeneaththesurface(astheyevidentlydoonasteroidsandcomets),

theyprobablycannotreactwitheachotherunlesssomekindofliquidorgasis

,ifwelimitoursearchtoworldsonwhichorganic

moleculesarelikelytobeinvolvedinchemicalreactions,wecanprobablyruleout

anyworldthatlacksbothanatmosphereandasurfaceorsubsurfaceliquidmedium,

suchaswater.

10..Thephrasewidespreadamongisclosestinmeaningto

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