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剑桥雅思阅读9(test1)原文答案解析

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剑桥雅思阅读9原文(test1)

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on

Reading Passage 1 below.

William Henry Perkin

The man who invented synthetic dyes

William Henry Perkin was born on March 12, 1838, in London, England. As a

boy, Perkin’s curiosity prompted early interests in the arts, sciences, photography,

and engineering. But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional,

laboratory in his late grandfather’s home that solidified the young man’s

enthusiasm for chemistry.

As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the

study of chemistry. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his

teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by

the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired

the young chemist’s enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal

College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.

At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed

by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin’s scientific gifts

soon caught Hofmann’s attention and, within two years, he became Hofmann’s

youngest assistant. Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific breakthrough

that would bring him both fame and fortune.

At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The

drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and

by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply. Thus, when

Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic

substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up

the challenge.

During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the top

floor of his family’s house. He was attempting to manufacture quinine from

aniline, an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product. Despite his best

efforts, however, he did not end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious

dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin’s scientific training and nature prompted him to

investigate the substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol

into the aniline at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced