2024年3月9日发(作者：诺基亚1020什么时候上市)

Ⅱ. Define the following terms.

1. English critical realism

2. Victorian period

3. Autobiography

4. Regional novel

5. Dramatic monologue

6. Dramatization

7. Disinterestedness

8. Idyll

9. Psychological novel

10. The Pre-Raphaelites

11. Künstlerroman

12. Aestheticism

13. Naturalism

14. Aestheticism

15. Beowulf

16. Blank verse

17. Ballad

18. Byronic Heroes

19. Classicism

20. Conceit

21. Comic epic in prose

22. Enlightenment

23. Graveyard School / Poets

24. Gothic novel

25. Heroic couplet

26. Humanism

27. Individualism

28. Lake Poets

29. Metaphysical Poetry

30. Neoclassicism

31. Romance

32. Romanticism

33. Renaissance

34. Rationalism

35. Relativism

36. Sonnet

37. Spenserian Stanza

38. Sentimentalism

39. Stream-of-consciousness

40. University wits

Ⅱ. Define the following terms.

1. English critical realism: English critical realism o f the 19

th

century flourished in the forties and in the

early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the

English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic view point. The greatest English

realist of the time was Charles Dickens. With striking force and truthfulness, he pictures bourgeois

civilization, showing the misery and sufferings of the common people. Another critical realist, William

Makepeace Thackeray, was a no less severe exposer of contemporary society. Thackeray‟s novels are

mainly a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society. Other adherents to the method of critical realism

were Charlotte and Emily Bronte, and Elizabeth Gaskell. In the fifties and sixties the realistic novel as

represented by Dickens and Thackeray entered a stage of decline. It found its reflection in the works of

George Eliot. Though she described the life of the laboring people and criticized the privileged classes, the

power of exposure became weaker in her works. She seemed to be more morally than socially minded. The

English critical realists of the 19

th

century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the

ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people.

2. Victorian period: The era of Queen Victoria‟s reign (1837~1901). The period is sometimes dated from

1832 (the passage of the first Reform Bill), a period of intense and prolific activity in literature, especially

by novelists and poets, philosophers and essayists. Dramatists of any note are few. Much of the writing was

concerned with contemporary social problems: for instance, the effects of the industrial revolution, the

influence of the theory of evolution, and movements of political and social reform. The following are

among the most not able British writers of the period: Thomas Carlyle, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Alfred

Tennyson, Charles Darwin, W. M. Thackeray, Robert Browning, Edward Lear, Charles Dickens, Anthory

Trollope, Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Anne Bronte, George Eliot, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold,

George Meredith, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, William Morris, Samuel Butler, Swinburne,

Thomas Hardy, Robert Louis Stevenson, Henry Arthur Jones, Oscar Wilde.

3. Autobiography: An account of a person‟s life by him or herself. The term appears to have been first used

by Southey in 1809. In Dr. Johnson‟s opinion no man was better qualified to write his life than himself, but

this is debatable. Memory may be unreliable. Few can recall clear details of their early life and most are

therefore dependent on other people‟s impressions, of necessity equally unreliable. Moreover, everyone

tends to remember what he or she wants to remember. Disagreeable facts are sometimes glossed over or

repressed, truth may be distorted for the sake of convenience or harmony and the occlusions of time may

obscure as much as they reveal.

4. Regional novel: A regional writer is one who concentrates much attention on a particular area and uses it

and the people who inhabit it as the basis for his or her stories. Such a locale is likely to be rural and or

provincial. Once established, the regional novel began to interest a number of writers, and soon the regions

described became smaller and more specifically defined. For example, the novels of Mrs. Gaskell

(1810~1865) and George Eliot (1819~1880) centered on the Midlands, and those of the Bronte sisters were

set in Yorkshire. There were also “urban” or “industrial” novels, set in a particular town or city, some of

which had considerable fame in the 19

th

century. Notable instances are Mrs. Gaskell‟s Mary Barton (1848),

Charles Dickens‟s Hard Times (1854) and George Eliot‟s Middlemarch (1871~1872).

5. Dramatic monologue: Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical

character other than the poet speaks to a silent “audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not

the poet‟s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealed

unwittingly; this distinguishes a dramatic monologue from a lyric, while the implied presence of an auditor

distinguishes it from a soliloquy. Major examples of this form in English are Tennyson‟s “Ulysses” (1842),

Browning‟s “Fra Lippo Lippi” (1855), and T. S. Eliot‟s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (1917).

Some plays in which only one character speaks, in the form of a monologue or soliloquy, have also been

called dramatic monologues; but to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to these simply as monologues

or as monodramas.

6. Dramatization: The act of making a play out of a story in another genre, from a chronicle, novel, short

story and so forth. In medieval drama the Bible was dramatized into the Mystery Plays. In the Tudor period

dramatists “lifted” plots, stories, and ideas from historians like Plutarch and Holinshed, and novelists like

Lodge and Nashe. But it was not until the 18

th

century that dramatization really began to flourish. Then

novels provided the material. For example, Richardson‟s Pamela, dramatized by James Dance, was

extremely popular. There followed dramatization of novels by Mrs. Radcliffe, Alpole, Godwin, “Monk”

Lewisand Clara Reeve. In the sandScottweretheauthorsmostused; so were Lord Lytton,

Charlotte Bronte, Charles Reade, Wilkie Collins, and many more. The arrival of a group of original

dramatists towards the end of the century saved the theatre from this deadening activity. But it is a practice

by no means extinct, as television and recent theatrical history amply demonstrate.

7. Disinterestedness: (In criticism) “Disinterestedness” is an important term in Matthew Arnold‟s essay The

Function of Criticism at the Present Time, first delivered as a lecture in1864 and later published in Essays

in Criticism

(1865). Arnold spoke of the need, in the study of all branches of knowledge, to see the object “as in itself it

really is”. This depended on the attitude of the critic, which, in his view, ought to be objective and

open-minded, a kind of involved detachment.

8. Idyll: Idyll is a short poem describing an incident of country life in terms of idealized innocence and

contentment, or any such episode in a poem or prose work. The term is virtually synonymous with pastoral

poem. The title of Tennyson‟s Idylls of the King (1842~1885), a sequence of Arthurian romances, bears

little relation to the usual meaning. Browning in Dramatic Idylls (1879~1880) uses the term in another

sense, as a short self-contained poem.

9. Psychological novel: A vague term to describe that kind of fiction which is for the most part concerned

with the spiritual, emotional and mental lives of the characters and with the analysis of characters rather

than with the plot and the action. Many novelists during the last two hundred years have written

psychological novels.

10. The Pre-Raphaelites: Pre-Raphaelites is a group of English artists and writers of the Victorian period,

associated directly or indirectly with the self-styled Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood of young artists founded in

1848 by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais, and William Holman Hunt.

The PRB (as it is usually abbreviated) rebelled against the conventional academic styles of painting

modeled upon Raphael (1483～1520), seeking a freshness and simplicity found in earlier artists, along with

a closer fidelity to Nature. The organized Brotherhood itself lasted only a few years, but Pre-Raphaelitism

as a broader current survived in the paintings of Edward Burne-Jones, the designs of William Morris, and

the art criticism of John Ruskin, as well as in the poetry of Christina Rossetti, D. G. Rossetti, Morris, and A.

C. Swinburne—the last three being dubbed “The Fleshly School of Poetry” in a hostile review by Robert

Buchanan (Contemporary Review, 1871). Pre-Raphaelite poetry is often characterized by dreamy

medievalism, mixing religiosity and sensuousness, notably in D. G. Rossetti‟s “The Blessed Damozel”

(1850), Morris‟s The Defence of Guenevere (1858), and Swinburne‟s Poems and Ballads (1866).

11. Künstlerroman: A novel which has an artist (in any creative art) as the central character and which shows

the development of the artist from childhood to maturity and later. In English literature the most famous

example of a Künstlerroman is James Joyce‟s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.

12. Aestheticism: The term aesthetic has come to signify something which pertains to the criticism of the

beautiful or to the theory of taste. An aesthete is one who pursues and is devoted to the “beautiful” in art,

music and literature. And aestheticism is the term given to a movement, a cult, a mode of sensibility (a way

of looking at and feeling about things) in the 19

th

century. Fundamentally, it entailed the point of view that

art is self-sufficient and need serve no other purpose than its own ends. In other words, art is an end in

itself and need not be (or should not be) didactic, politically committed, propagandist, moral or anything

else but itself; and it should not be judged by any non-aesthetic criteria (e.g. whether or not

it is useful).

13. Naturalism: Naturalism is a post-Darwinian movement of the late 19

th

century that tried to apply the”

laws” of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalist went beyond the realist‟s insistence on the

objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature should be

arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by

environment and heredity. Major writers include Crane, Dreiser, Norris, and O‟Neill in America; Zola in

France; and Hardy and Gissing in England. Crane‟s “The Blue Hotel” (1898) is perhaps the best example

in this text of a naturalistic short story.

14. Aestheticism唯美主义（名词解释）

The Aesthetic Movement is a loosely defined movement in literature, fine art, the decorative arts, and interior design in later

nineteenth-century Britain. It represents the same tendencies that symbolism or decadence stood for in France and may be

considered the British branch of the same movement. It belongs to the anti-Victorian reaction and had post-Romantic roots, and

as such anticipates modernism. It took place in the late Victorian period from around 1868 to 1901, and is generally considered

to have ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde.

15. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements.

16. Blank verse（名词解释）:

17. Ballad民谣（名词解释）

This term，which was first brought into England by Surrey，is used to name the unrhymed iambic pentameter 1ine in poetry．

(Popular Ballads 大众民谣 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed.)

A short narrative poem with stanzas of two or four lines and usually a refrain. It can be about

the story, folklore popular legends. straightforward verse, with graphic simplicity and force and is

suitable for singing generally written in ballad meter, with the last words of the second and fourth lines rhyming.

Ballads are

anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.

18. Byronic hero

A proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would

carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any

kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible

energies.

19. Classicism（名词解释）

In the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity. In the context of the

tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity; Neoclassicism

always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity.

20. Conceit

Conceit is a far-fetched metaphor or simile originally a "concept" or "idea", conceit came to mean a striking parallel between

two highly dissimilar things, The metaphysical conceit is more far-fetched and less trivially ornamental, and generally more

original.

21. Comic epic in prose（散文体喜剧史诗）

It „s similar to the large,comprehensive,and contains many incidents and characters.

Unlike the serious epic,which treats great persons,the comic epic treats persons pf inferior rank and manner(the generic subject

matter of comedy)instead of kings and nobles and it portrays the ridiculous.

22. Enlightenment (1650-1800)（名词解释）

The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.

A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy

23. Graveyard School / Poets:

A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human

mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness to profound gloom.

24. Gothic novel(哥特式小说)

25. Heroic couplet (名词解释)

26. Humanism 人文主义：

mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)

heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)

Humanism is a system of beliefs upheld by writers and artists of the Renaissance period in their fighting against medieval

asceticism．It states that man is godly，that man is able to find truth，goodness and beauty，and that man is in contro1 of the

present life rather than being controlled by God. Briefly，humanism puts man at the center of their be1iefs and takes man to be

the measure of every thing while the former asceticism puts God at the center of their beliefs and takes personal salvation to be

the most important thing on the earth for man．

27. Individualism

emphasized the importance of the individual and his inborn rights

28.

Lake Poets（名词解释）

29. Metaphysical Poetry

The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.

"The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the

influence of John Donne .With a rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love

poetry, in particular the Petrarchan tradition, which is full of refined language, polished rhyming schemes and eulogy to ideal

love, The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and

cadences of common speech.

30. Neoclassicism

It is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that

draw upon Western classical art and culture (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome). These movements were

dominant at various times between the 18th and 20th centuries. This article addresses what these "neoclassicisms" have in

common.

31. Romance （名词解释）

(1)The basic material of medieval romance is knightly activity and adventure; we might best define medieval ro

mance as a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.(2)A long com

position describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character was the knight, a man of noble

birth skilled in the use of weapons who was very devoted to the king or to the church.(3)One who wanted to be

a knight should serve patiently until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemn ceremony and the swearin

g of oaths.

32.

Romanticism

Romanticism was a movement in literature，philosophy，music and art which developed in Europe in the late

18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress

movement (狂飙运动) in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感) above

those of society. As a reaction (反应) to the industrial revolution (工业革命)，it looked to (承上启下) the

Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (与大自然的直接接触) for inspiration (灵感)。Romanticism

gave impetus (动力支持) to the national liberation movement (民族解放运动) in 19th century Europe.

33. Renaissance（名词解释）

the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and

extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.

And the movement seems to

be a rebirth or revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture, caused(stimulated) by a series of historical events,

such as (the rediscovery of Roman and Greek culture)the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the

religious reformation and the economic expansion .

34. Rationalism

the conviction that with the power of reason, humans could arrive at truth and improve the world.

35. Relativism

was the concept that different cultures, beliefs, ideas, and value systems had equal merit.

36. Sonnet（名词解释）

is a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. The term "sonnet" derives from the

Latin sonitus (meaning "sound") and the Italian sonetto (meaning "sound", "song") English sonnets, in terms of structure,

largely fall into two classes: the Petrarchian or Italian form and the Shakespearian or English form.

37. Spenserian Stanza（名词解释）

A Spenserian stanza is one that consists of eight five-foot iambic lines, followed by an iambic line of six feet, rhyming

ababbcbcc. It is so named because it was Spenser that first used this form in his masterpiece The Faerie Oueene.

38. Sentimentalism（名词解释）

Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief

The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the

contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.

39. Stream-of-consciousness（名词解释）

40. University wits

The “stream of consciousness” is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and

impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person‟s will”.

Any of a notable group of pioneer English dramatists writing during the last 15 years of the 16th century, who transformed the

native interlude and chronicle play by writing plays of quality and diversity. The University wits included Christopher Marlowe,

Robert Greene, Thomas Nashe (all graduates of Cambridge), and Thomas Lodge and George Peele (both of Oxford). Another of

the wits, though not university-trained, was Thomas Kyd. Preceded by John Lyly (an Oxford man), they prepared the way for

William Shakespeare. The greatest poetic dramatist among them was Marlowe, whose handling of blank verse gave the theatre

its characteristic voice for the next 50 years.