2024年2月13日发(作者：27寸是多少厘米?)

名词解释（1’X20=20’）:

1、The theory of metalingual fuction of language: Language has ideational, interpersonal and

textual functions. Ideational function constructs a model of experience as well as logical

relations, interpersonal function enacts social relationships and textual function creates

relevance to context.

2、Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech

sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of

speech sounds, words and connected speech.

3、Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal

units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes.

4、Coarticulation: When such simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved, we call

the process coarticulation.

5、Allophones: Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme.

6、Suprasegmentals: supeasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more

than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmentals are syllable, stress, tone, and

intonation.

7、Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.

8、Intonation involves the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns, each of which is used

with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either on singular words or on groups of words of

varying length.

9、Determiners refers to words which are used before the noun acting as head of a none

group, and which determine the kind of reference the nominal group has.

10、Grammatical construction or construct can be used to mean any syntactic construct

which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language, together with whatever is

linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to the meaning or use the construct

contains.

11、Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of

one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable

center or head.

12、Syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the

linguistic pattern in which it is used.

13、Agreement(or concord) may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more

words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another,

shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category(or categories).

14、Theoretically, there is no limit to the number of embedding one relative clause into

another relative clause, so long as it does not become an obstacle to successful

communication. The same holds true for nominal clause and adverbial clauses. This is what

we call excursiveness.

15、Conjoining refers to the process where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with

another. The sentences made up in this way can be understood as instances of coordination.

16、Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence (main

clause) in syntactic subordination.

17、Morphological change 词素变体Morphological change takes the form of inflectional

changes in affixes.

18、Linguistics 语言学Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or,

alternatively, as the scientific study of language. Linguistics is a rich and exciting field.

19、Category 范畴

The term CATEGORY in some approaches refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense.

More specifically, it refers to the defining properties of those general units.

简述题（20’X1=20’）

1、 Displacement 移位性

DISPLACEMENT means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects,

events and concepts which are not present at the moment Thus, I can

refer to Confucius, or North Pole, even though the first has been dead for over 2550 years and

the second is situated far away from us. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them

the power to handle generalization and abstractions. Indeed words are often used not in such

immediate physical context when they denote concrete objects. They are often used with a

deference for referential application.

2、 Arbitrariness 任意性

Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistics signs bear no natural relationship

to their meaning.

① Arbitrariness relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning. In English,

totally different words are used to describe the sound. But there is some misunderstanding

about the onomatopoeic effect. As a matter of fact, arbitrariness and onomatopoeic effect

may work at the same time.

② Arbitrariness at the syntactic level. According to systemic functionalists and American

functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. As we know, the order of

elements in a sentence follows certain rules, and there is a certain degree of

correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the real happenings. In other words,

syntax is less arbitrary than words, especially in so far as this kind of order is concerned.

③ Arbitrariness and convention. What then is the link between a linguistic sign and its

meaning? It is a matter of CONVENTION. Here we have to look at the other side of the

coin of arbitrariness, namely, conventionality.

3、 Complementary antonymy 互补反义词

Antonymy like alive: dead, male: female, present: absent, innocent: guilty, are of this type. In

contrast to the first type, the members of a pair in this type are complementary to each other.

That is, they divide up the whole of a semantic field completely. Not only the assertion of one

means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other.

vity创造性