2024年4月28日发(作者：)

科目

考试日期

考题概述与分析：

Passage One

新旧情况：旧 80103

题材：发展史

阅读

2016年4月16日

题目：

The impact of refrigeration

题型：1-5 时间配事件 6-9 人名配成就 10-13 句首配句末

文章大意：时间顺序讲了概述，冰箱运输的需求，问题，改进，形成火车运输，

汽车运输有毒物质 发明 crc，进一步发展（共 7 段）

答案：

1. I

2. H

3. A

4. B

5. E

6. Tudor

7. JB*****

8. Why***

9. Fudor

10. A healthy dietary- frost product

11. Refrigerated transport- big cities

12. The invention of CRC-danger

13. Refrigeration-water(答案仅供参考)

Passage Two

题目：Yawning

题型：14-19 细节配段落 20-24 实验结果配大学

文章大意： 总述， A 大学实验，人类和个别动物会 yawning， leeds 大学研

究， london 大学研究，早 期人类的推测（共 6 段）

参考文章：

A When a scientist began to study yawning in the 1980s, it was

difficult to convince some of his research students of the merits of "yawning

science. "Although it may appear quirky, his decision to study yawning was a

logical extension to human beings of my research in developmental neuroscience,

reported in such papers as "Wing-flapping during Development and Evolution. "

As a neurobehavioral problem, there is not much difference between the

wing-flapping of birds and the face- and body-flapping of human yawners.

B Yawning is an ancient, primitive act. Humans do it even before they are born,

opening wide in the womb . Some snakes unhinge their jaws to do it. One species

of penguins yawns as part of mating. Only now are researchers beginning

to understand why we yawn, when we yawn and why we yawn back. A professor of

cognitive neuroscience at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Steven Platek,

studies the act of contagious yawning, something done only by people and other

primates.

C In his first experiment, he used a psychological test to rank people on their

empathic feelings. He found that participants who did not score high on

compassion did not yawn back. "We literally had people saying, ‘Why am I looking

at people yawning?"’ Professor Platek said. "It just had no effect. "

D For his second experiment, he put 10 students in an magnetic resonance imaging

machine as they watched video tapes of people yawning. When the students watched

the videos, the part of the brain which reacted was the part scientists

believe controls empathy - the posterior cingulate, in the brain’s middle rear.

" I don’t know if it's necessarily that nice people yawn more, but I think it’s

a good indicator of a state of mind, "said Professor Platek. "It’s also a good

indicator if you’re empathizing with me and paying attention. "

E His third experiment is studying yawning in those with brain disorders, such

as autism and schizophrenia, in which victims have difficulty connecting

emotionally with others. A psychology professor at the University of Maryland,

Robert Provine, is one of the few other researchers into yawning. He found the

basic yawn lasts about six seconds and they come in bouts with an interval of

about 68 seconds. Men and women yawn or half-yawn equally often, but men are

significantly less likely to cover their mouths which may indicate complex

distinction in genders. " A watched yawner never yawns, " Professor Provine said.

However, the physical root of yawning remains a mystery. Some researchers say

it’s coordinated within the hypothalamus of the brain, the area that also

controls breathing.

F Yawning and stretching also share properties and may be performed together

as parts of a global motor complex. But they do not always co-occur-people usually

yawn when we stretch, but we don’t always stretch when we yawn,especially before

bedtime. Studies by J. I. P, G. H. A. Visser and H. F. Prechtl in the early 1980s,

charting movement in the developing fetus using ultrasound, observed not just

yawning but a link between yawning and stretching as early as the end of the

first renatal trimester.

G The most extraordinary demonstration of the yawn-stretch linkage occurs in

many people paralyzed on one side of their body because of brain damage caused

by a stroke. The prominent British neurologist Sir Francis Walshe noted in

1923 that when these hemiplegics yawn, they are startled and mystified to observe