2024年4月27日发(作者：)

圣才电子书

十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

第9章 交际能力

9.1 复习笔记

本章要点

1. Communicative Competence 交际能力

2. Language Functions 语言功能

3. Discourse Analysis 话语分析

本章考点

1. 理解交际能力下的次能力；

2. 理解语言的七个功能并能一一对应，实例分析；

3. 话语分析的几大要素：会话原则，话轮转换，文体等；

4. 非语言交际的几种形式及注意事项；

5. 交际语言教学特点。

本章内容索引

Ⅰ. On Defining Communicative Competence

1. Definition

2. Distinction

3. Four subcategories

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圣才电子书

十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

4. Strategic competence

Ⅱ. Pragmatics

Ⅲ. Language Functions

Ⅳ. Discourse Analysis

1. Conversational “maxims”

2. Turn-taking

3. Topic shifting and avoidance

4. Styles

(1) oratorical, or “frozen”

(2) deliberative, or formal

(3) consultative

(4) casual

(5) intimate

5. Registers

6. Language and Gender

7. Nonverbal Communication

(1) Gesture and Body Language

(2) Eye Contact

(3) Proxemics

(4) Artifacts

(5) Kinesthetic Dimensions

(6) Olfactory Dimensions

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圣才电子书

十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

Ⅴ. Communicative Language Teaching

Ⅵ. Notional-Functional Syllabuses

Ⅰ. On Defining Communicative Competence（定义交际能力）

1. Definition（定义）

The term “communicative competence” was coined by Dell Hymes.

Communicative competence is that aspect of our competence that enables us to

convey and interpret messages and to negotiate meanings interpersonally within

specific contexts.

“交际能力”这个词由海姆斯提出，是指一个人能够传递、解释信息以及在特定环境下

与人交流信息的能力。

Savignon notes that “communicative competence is relative, not absolute,

and depends on the cooperation of all the participants involved.”

萨维农认为“交际能力是相对的，不是绝对的，它取决于所有参与交际的各方之间的合

作”。

2. Distinction（区分）

James Cummins proposed a distinction between cognitive/academic language

proficiency (CALP) and basic interpersonal communicative skills (BICS). CALP is that

dimension of proficiency in which the learner manipulates or reflects upon the

surface features of language outside of the immediate interpersonal context. BICS

is the communicative capacity that all children acquire in order to be able to

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圣才电子书

十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

function in daily interpersonal exchanges.

卡敏斯将认知/学业语言水平（CALP）和基本人际交际技能（BICS）区分开来：认知/

学业语言水平是指学习者所操控或者反映在人际交际之外的语言表层特征的水平维度。基本

人际交际技能是指儿童为成功地在日常人际交流中发挥作用而习得的那种交际能力。

3. Four subcategories (Connie and Swain)（四个次范畴）

The first two subcategories reflect the use of the linguistic system itself.

前两个次范畴反映语言系统本身的使用。

(1) Grammatical competence is that aspect of communicative competence that

encompasses “knowledge of lexical items and of rules of morphology, syntax,

sentence-grammar semantics, and phonology”.

语法能力“包含关于词汇项目和词法、句法、句法语义与音系规则的知识”。

(2) The second subcategory is discourse competence. It is the ability we have to

connect sentences in stretches of discourse and to form a meaningful whole out of

a series of utterances.

第二个次范畴是话语能力，即将句子连接在话语系列中并从中形成意义整体的能力。

The last two subcategories define the more functional aspects of

communication.

后两个次范畴反映交际的功能方面。

(3) Sociolinguistic competence is the knowledge of the sociocultural rules of

language and of discourse. This type of competence “requires an understanding

of the social context in which language is used: the roles of the participants, the

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圣才电子书

十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

information they share, and the function of the interaction.”

社会语言能力是对语言与话语的社会文化规则的知识，这种能力“要求语言使用于其间

夫人社会语境（参与者角色、共享信息和互动功能等）有所理解”。

(4) The fourth subcategory is strategic competence, a construct that is

exceedingly complex.

第四个次范畴是策略能力，这个概念非常复杂。

4. Strategic competence（策略能力）

Savignon paraphrases this as “the strategies that one uses to compensate for

imperfect knowledge of rules-or limiting factors in their application such as fatigue,

distraction, and inattention.”

萨维农认为“策略能力就是人们用来弥补语言能力不足或是语言运用变数诸如疲劳，分

心和疏忽的能力。”

In short, it is the competence underlying our ability to make repairs, to cope

with imperfect knowledge, and to sustain communication through paraphrase,

circumlocution, repetition, hesitation, avoidance, and guessing, as well as shifts in

register and style.

简单来说，策略能力指隐藏在我们通过释义、迂回、重复、犹豫、回避、猜测以及语域

语体转换来做出修补，对付知识欠缺的能力。

Swain amended the earlier notion of strategic competence to include

“communication strategies that may be called into action either to enhance the

effectiveness of communication or to compensate for breakdowns.”

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圣才电子书

十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

斯温补充说道，策略能力就是“提高交流有效性或者维系交际进行的沟通策略”。

Here are two competence figures.

下面是两个交际能力的结构图：

FIGURE 9-1 Components of Language Competence (Bachman 1990:87)

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