2024年4月12日发(作者：)

考研外语模拟试题及答案4

一、Use of English

1、Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a

malfunctioning reward system in their brains, a new study

suggests. The finding comes from research that【1】a high-risk

group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were not depressed but

had mothers who【2】recurrent depression and a low-risk group

of 13 girls with no【3】or family history of depression. Both

groups were given MRI brain【4】while completing a task that

could【5】either reward or punishment.

【6】with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk

group had【7】neural responses during both anticipation and

receipt of the reward.【8】, the high-risk girls showed no

【9】in an area of the brain called the dorsal anterior

cingulated cortex (背侧前扣带皮质), believed to play a role in

【10】past experiences to assist learning.

The high-risk girls did have greater activation of this brain

area【11】receiving punishment, compared with the other girls.

The researchers said that this suggests that high-risk girls

have easier time【12】information about loss and punishment than

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information about reward and pleasure.

"Considered together with reduced activation in the striatal

(纹状体的) areas commonly observed【13】reward, it seems that

the reward-processing system is critically【14】in daughters

who are at elevated risk for depression,【15】they have not yet

experienced a depressive【16】," wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford

University, and his colleagues. "【17】, longitudinal studies

are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations【18】

in this study during the processing of【19】and losses are

associated with the【20】onset of depression," they concluded.

The study was published in the April of the Archives of General

Psychiatry.

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二、Reading Comprehension

1、Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions

below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

It seemed so promising—mirrors sprawled across desert land in

the scorching southwest delivering clean electricity and

helping Americans out of the increasing fuel crisis. Some

scientists and industry developers claim that Nevada's empty

and sun-drenched expanses alone could supply enough

electricity to power the entire country.

Now even the optimists fear this wonderful prospect may be a

mirage. Congress cannot make up their mind to extend the

tax-reducing bill for solar-energy projects, which solar

advocates say is critical to the future of their industry but

which is due to expire at the end of the year. The latest attempt

failed in the Senate earlier this month, prospects for a deal

before November's presidential and congressional elections now

look dim. Uncertainty has led some investors to delay or abandon

projects in the past few Resch, the president of

the Solar Energy Industries Association, said if the

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tax-reducing bill is allowed to expire at the end of the year,

"it will result in the loss of billions of dollars in new

investments in solar. "

Further dampening hopes for a big solar-energy boom, the

federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has abruptly suspended

new applications to put solar collectors on federal land. The

agency says it has received more than 130 applications and needs

to conduct a region-wide environmental impact study on the

industry before it will accept any study will take 22

months to complete, however. Few argue against trying to

preserve precious water sources and protect desert tortoises

and other creatures that might not enjoy cohabiting with

sprawling fields of mirrors. But many solar advocates wonder

why the government is not acting as cautiously when it comes

to drilling for oil and gas.

Senator Maria Cantwell, a Democrat from Washington State, wants

a congressional probe into the proposed suspension. "The fact

that the BLM pops this out without people even knowing about

it, especially when solar thermal looks extremely promising as

a power source, is not right," she says. Harry Reid of Nevada,

who is the majority leader in the Senate, also condemns the

BLM's freeze, saying that it could "slow new development to a

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crawl".

The BLM is not without its supporters, however. At a public

meeting on June 23rd in Golden, Colorado, Alex Daue, of the

Wilderness Society, said that his organization supports

renewable energy development as long as it doesn't damage other

important resources. The message is clear: no rubber stamps,

even for renewable energy.

"mirrors sprawled across desert land" is mentioned to______.

the technology of solar energy

ght the high technology in the United States

uce the prospect of solar energy

n how to make use of Nevada's empty and sun-drenched

expanses

2、

The word "mirage" (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably

means______.

t

ct

3、

According to Senator Maria Cantwell,______.

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BLM should suspend new applications to put solar

collectors on federal land

BLM should not suspend new applications to put solar

collectors on federal land

congress should decide whether to suspend new

applications or not

congress should send experts to help the BLM to make

decisions

4、

What does the last sentence of the text mean?

the project of renewable energy should not be granted.

the project of renewable energy should not produce

wastes.

the project of renewable energy should not pollute the

environment.

the project of renewable energy should not be

suspended.

5、

Which of the following titles is closest to the message the

text tries to convey?

ble Energy

B.A heavy Blow for Solar Energy

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nment and Solar Energy

We Need Solar Energy?

6、A bite of a cookie containing peanuts could cause the airway

to constrict fatally. Sharing a toy with another child who had

earlier eaten a peanut butter and jelly sandwich could raise

a case of hives. A peanut butter cup dropped in a Halloween bag

could contaminate the rest of the treats, posing an unknown risk.

These are the scenarios that "make your bone marrow turn cold"

according to L. Val Giddings, vice president for food and

agriculture of the Biotechnology Industry

s representing the policy interests of food

biotech companies in Washington, D. C., Giddings is the father

of a four-year-old boy with a severe peanut allergy. Peanuts

are only one of the most allergenic foods; estimates of the

number of people who experience a reaction to the beans hover

around 2 percent of the population.

Giddings says that peanuts are only one of several foods that

biotechnologists are altering genetically in an attempt to

eliminate the proteins that do great harm to some people's

immune systems. Although soy allergies do not usually cause

life-threatening reactions, the scientists are also targeting

soybeans,which can be found in two thirds of all manufactured

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food, making the supermarket a minefield for people allergic

to soy. Biotechnologists are focusing on wheat, too, and might

soon expand their research to the rest of the "big eight"

allergy-inducing foods: tree nuts, milk, eggs, shellfish and

fish.

Last September, for example, Anthony J. Kinney, a crop genetics

researcher at DuPont Experimental Station in Wilmington, Del.,

and his colleagues reported using a technique called RNA

interference (RNAi) to silence the genes that encode p34, a

protein responsible for causing 65 percent of all soybean

allergies. RNAi exploits the mechanism that cells use to

protect themselves against foreign genetic material; it causes

a cell to destroy RNA transcribed from a given gene, effectively

turning off the gene.

Whether the public will accept food genetically modified to be

low-allergen is still unknown. Courtney Chabot Dreyer, a

spokesperson for Pioneer Hi-Bred International, a subsidiary

of DuPont, says that the company will conduct studies to

determine whether a promising market exists for low allergen

soy before developing the seeds for sale to farmers. She

estimates that Pioneer Hi-Bred is seven years away from

commercializing the altered soybeans.

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Doug Gurian-Sherman, scientific director of the biotechnology

project at the Center for Science in the Public Interest—a

group that has advocated enhanced Food and Drug Administration

oversight for genetically modified foods—comments that his

organization would not oppose low-allergen foods if they prove

to be safe. But he wonders about "identity preservation" a term

used in the food industry to describe the deliberate separation

of genetically engineered and no nengineered products. A batch

of nonengineered peanuts or soybeans might contaminate

machinery reserved for low-allergen versions, he suggests,

reducing the benefit of the gene-altered food. Such issues of

identity preservation could make low-allergen genetically

modified foods too costly to produce, Chabot Dreyer admits. But,

she says, "it's still too early to see if that's true. "

According to the text, foods have been genetically altered

to______.

more delicious

cure people's ineffectiveness in immune system

promote sales of peanut

lower the chance to get allergy

7、

What can be inferred about genetically modified foods from the

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