2024年4月8日发(作者：)

RHETORIC

Simile: a comparison between two unlike things having at least one quality or characteristic in

common.

tenor: the subject of the comparison

Vehicle: the image of which this idea is conveyed

The vehicle is almost always introduced by the word "like" or "as".

The bus (tenor) went as slowly similarity as a snail (vehicle).

The water lay grey and wrinkled like an elephant's skin.

Her eyes were jet black, and her hair was like a waterfall.

Metaphor: a comparison between two unlike things, but the comparison is implied rather than

stated. Contrary to a simile in which the resemblance between two unlike things is clearly stated,

in a metaphor nothing is mentioned.

The essential form of a metaphor is X is Y, and all forms of metaphor can be condensed into this

form.

Snow clothes the ground.

Snow (X---tenor) is clothe (Y---vehicle).

Boys and girls, tumbling in the streets and playing, were moving jewels.

Boy (X---tenor) is jewel (Y---vehicle) .

The ship ploughed the sea.

Ship (X --- tenor) is plough (Y ---vehicle)

Metaphor: They will be rounded up in hordes.

I see Russian soldiers standing on

Means of existence is wrung from

Metaphor: cataract of horrors

rid the earth of liberate people from his yoke

The scene will be clear for the final act.

Alliteration

: dull, drilled,

for his hearth and home

with its clanking,

Assonance

: the use of the same or related, vowel sounds in successive words

clanking, heel-clicking,„

cowing and tying ...plodding on like crawling locusts, ...smarting from many a

easier and safer prey

Repetition

: We have but one aim and one single purpose

nothing will turn us---nothing

We will never parley, we will

This is our policy and this is our declaration

as we shall faithfully and steadfastly

Parallelism

: The past, with its crimes,

its follies,

and

I see,...

the return of the bread-winner,

of their champion,

of their protector

We shall fight him by land,

we shall fight him by sea,

we shall fight him in the air

Any man

Any man

Noun phrases

: I had not the slightest doubt where ...

With great rapidity and violence

Periodic sentences:

When I invasion of Russia.

If Hitler woefully mistaken.

二十二日星期天早晨，我一醒来便接到了希特勒入侵苏联的消息。这就使原

先意料中的事变成了无可怀疑的事实。我完全清楚我们对此应该承担何种义务，

采取何种政策。我也完全清楚该如何就此事发表声明。尚待完成的只不过是将这一切形

成文字而已。于是，我吩咐有关部门立即发表通告，我将于当晚九点钟发表广播讲话。

不一会儿，匆匆从伦敦赶到的迪尔将军走进我的卧室，为我带来了详细情报。德国人已

大规模入侵苏联，苏联空军部队有很大一部分飞机都没来得及起飞便遭到德军的突袭。

德军目前似乎正以凌厉的攻势极为迅猛地向前推进。这位皇家军队总参谋长报告完毕后

又补了一句，“我估计他们将会大批地被包围。” 一整天我都在写讲稿，根本没有时

间去找战时内阁进行磋商，也没有必要这样做。我知道我们大家在这个问题上的立场是

完全一致的。艾登先生、比弗布鲁克勋爵，还有斯塔福德•克里普斯爵士——他是十号

离开莫斯科回国的——那天也同我在一起。

那个周末值班的是我的私人秘书科维尔先生。由他执笔记述的下面这段关于那个星

期天里切克尔斯首相官邸发生的情况的文字，也许值得一提：

“六月二十一日，星期六。晚饭前我来到切克尔斯首相官邸。怀南特夫妇、艾登夫

妇和爱德华•布里奇斯等几位均在那儿。晚饭席上，邱吉尔先生说，德国人人侵苏联已

是必然无疑的了。他认为希特勒是想指望博取英美两国的资本家和右冀势力的同情和支

持。不过，希特勒的如意算盘打错了。我们英国将会全力以赴援助苏联。维南特表示美

国也会采取同样的态度。

晚饭后，当我同邱吉尔先生在槌球场上散步时，他又一次谈到了这一话题。我当时问

他，对于他这个头号反共大将来说，这种态度是否意味着改变自己的政治立场。‘绝非

如此。我现在的目标只有一个，即消灭希特勒。这使我的生活单纯多了。假使希特勒入

侵地狱，我至少会在下议院替魔鬼说几句好话的。’

次日清晨四点钟，我被电话铃惊醒，原来是外交部来的电话，内容是报告德国已开

始进攻俄国的消息。首相一向吩咐，只有当英国遭到入侵时才可以叫醒他。因此，我等

到八点钟才向他报告这一消息。他听完消息后只说了一句话：‘通知英国广播电台，我

今晚九点要发表广播讲话。’他从上午十一点开始撰写讲稿，中间除与斯塔福德．克里

普斯爵士、克兰伯恩勋爵和比弗布鲁克勋爵共进午餐外，这一天的全部时间都花在写讲

稿上了„„讲稿直到九点差二十分才写好。”

在这次广播讲话中，我说道：

“纳粹政体与共产主义的最糟糕之处毫无两样。除了贪欲和种族统治外，它没有任

何指导思想和行动准则。它在残酷压迫和疯狂侵略过程中所犯下的滔天罪行在人类历史

上可谓空前绝后。在过去的二十五年中，我比任何人都更坚定而始终如一地反对共产主

义。过去对共产主义所作的批评我仍然一句也不想收回。但现在展现在我们面前的景象

已经将那一切冲得烟消云散了。过去的一切，连同它的种种罪恶、蠢行和悲剧全都从眼

前乍然消失。此刻我眼前看到的是俄国的士兵昂然挺立于自己的国土，英勇地捍卫着他

们祖祖辈辈自古以来一直辛勤耕耘着的土地。我看到他们正在守卫着自己的家园，在那

里母亲和妻子正在向上帝祈祷——是啊，任何人都总有祈祷的时候——祈求上帝保佑她

们的亲人的平安，并保佑她们的壮劳力、她们的勇士和保护者凯旋归来。我看见成千上

万的俄国村庄，那儿的人们虽然要靠在土地上辛勤耕作才能勉强维持生计，却依然能够

享受到天伦之乐，那儿的姑娘在欢笑，儿童在嬉戏。我看到这一切正面临着凶暴的袭击，

正杀气腾腾地扑向他们的是纳粹的战争机器同它的那些全副武装、刀剑当当有声、皮靴

咚咚作响的普鲁士军官以及它的那些奸诈无比、刚刚帮它征服并奴役了十多个国家的帮

凶爪牙。我还看到那些呆头呆脑、训练有素、既驯服听话又凶残野蛮的德国士兵像一群

蝗虫般地向前蠕动着。我看见天空中那些屡遭英军痛击、余悸未消的德国轰炸机和战斗

机此时正庆幸终于找到他们以为是无力反抗、可手到即擒的猎物。 “在这些刀光剑

影、腥风血雨的场面背后，我看到一小撮恶棍在那里策划、组织，并犯下了这惨绝人寰

的滔天罪行„„

“我不得不在此宣布大英帝国政府的决定——我相信大英帝国各自治领对这一决定

会适时地表示一致赞同——因为我们必须立即表明自己的态度，一天也不应拖延。我必

须发表正式宣言，难道还会有人不清楚我们将会采取何种政策吗?我们只有一个目标，

一个唯一的、不可改变的目标——我们决心消灭希特勒及纳粹政权的一切痕迹。无论什

么都不能使我们离开这一目标。我们决不妥协，我们绝不与希特勒及其帮凶谈判议和。

我们将对他实施地面打击，我们将对他实施海上打击，我们将对他实施空中打击，直到

在主的帮助下，将他的魔影从地球上消除，将纳粹统治下的人民从他所设的枷锁中解放

出来。任何坚持同纳粹集团作战的个人和国家都将得到我们的援助，任何与希特勒同流

合污的个人和国家都是我们的敌人„„这就是我们的政策，这就是我们的宣言。因此，

我们将竭尽全力援助俄国政府和俄国人民。我们还将呼吁世界各地的朋友和盟国与我们

同心协力，坚定不移地战斗到底„„

“这绝不是一场阶级战争，而是一场大英帝国和英联邦共同参加的、不分种族、宗

教信仰或政党派别的全民战争。至于美国方面的行动，我无权代作宣言，但我要声明一

点：如果希特勒认为他对苏维埃俄国的进攻会使那些决心埋葬他的伟大的民主国家稍稍

转移目标或松懈斗志的话，那他就大错特错了。恰恰相反，我们将会更加坚强、更加勇

敢地为将人类从他的暴政下解救出来而奋斗，我们将加强而不是削弱自己的决心和力

量。

“那些让自己遭到各个击破的国家和政府，当初若是采取联合一致的行动，本来是

可以使自己和全世界免遭这场劫难的。现在当然不是对他们的愚蠢行为发表评论的时

候。但在几分钟前，当我谈到希特勒受其嗜血成性、邪恶贪婪的驱使或引诱，贸然发动

了这次对俄国的侵略冒险时，我还说过在他的疯狂行为的背后隐藏着一个深谋远虑的动

机。他之所以想摧毁俄国，乃是因为他期望着一旦这一行动顺利得手，他便可以将其陆、

空军主力从东线调回，投入对英伦三岛的进攻。他清楚地知道，他必须征服英国，否则，

他将因其犯下的种种罪行而受到惩罚。入侵俄国的行动只不过是他蓄谋已久的对英伦三

岛的入侵行动的序幕而已。毫无疑问，他期望这一切能在冬季到来之前全部完成，期望

在美国的海空军来不及插手干预之前即能征服大不列颠。他期望能以空前的规模再度重

演他长期以来赖以发迹的将敌手各个击破的故伎，然后便可以腾出场地来演出最后的一

幕——将整个西半球置于他的控制和统治之下。他知道，如果做不到这一点，他的全部

战果都将化为泡影。

“由此可知，俄国现在所面临的危险就是我们自己的危险，同样也是美国的危险；

俄国人民保家卫国的事业就是全世界一切自由的人民和自由的民族的事业。让我们从过

去的残酷的历史经验中汲取教训吧。让我们趁着生命未息、力量尚存之时，加倍努力，

团结奋斗吧。”

I .

1)Germany attacked Russia on an enormous front by air on Sunday, June 22.

2)He was not surprised at the news, because he had thought that the Germans would

attack the Soviet Union.

3)Because he had only one purpose, the destruction of Hitler, who he thought was

the worst in the world.

4) The policy that Churchill declared Britain would pursue was to destroy Hitler

and wipe off every single trace of the Nazi regime.

5)According to Churchill, Hitler's invasion of Russia served as the first step

for his invasion of Britain, thus controlling of the Western Hemisphere.

Ⅱ .

1)Hitler was hoping that if he attacked Russia, he would win in Britain and the

U.S. the support of those who were enemies of Communism.

2)Winant said the United States would adopt the same attitude.

3)In this way, my life is made much easier in this case, it will be much easier

for me to decide on my attitude towards events.

4)I will not take back a single word of what I have said about Communism.

5) I can see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, who, after suffering

severe losses in the aerial battle of England, now feel happy because they think

they can easily beat the Russian air force without heavy loss.

6) We shall be more determined and shall make better and fuller use of our

resources.

7)Let us strengthen our unity and our efforts in the fight against Nazi Germany

when we have not yet been overwhelmed and when we are still powerful.

Ⅲ. See the translation of the text.

IV. 1 ) anti-Communist 反共产主义的（人）； antichrist反对基督（教）的（人） Here

"anti-"means "against", "hostile to", "opposed to". Other examples, anti-Japanese,

anticolonial, anti-party, anti-imperialist, anti-fascist, anti-apartheid,

antidraft, antislavery, anti-Smith.

2) antibacterial抗细菌的，抗菌物； antifreeze 防冻剂 In these two cases,

"anti-"means "preventing', "curing', "neutralizing" or "reducing". Other examples :

antiknock, antitoxin, anti-pollution, anti-malarial, antifriction, anti-icer.

3)antiaircraft 防空的 anti-ballistic missile反弹道导弹 Here "anti-"has the

meaning of "counteracting", "operating against "or "resisting". Other examples:

antitank, antipersecution, antitrust, antigas, antisubmarine, antidote,

antimagnetic.

4 )antithesis （修辞学中的）对句，对话，偶句； antihero （小说，戏剧中）不按

传统性主角品格塑造的主角 Here "anti-"means "opposite", "reverse". Other examples :

antimatter, antipole, antiparticle, antineutron, antiphrasis, antipode, antinovel.

V. 1)He was almost at the end of his powers when„

2)-"his reputation is uncertain.

3)He completely ignored„

4)People who are in a vulnerable position should not attack others.

5)This may teach the young man not to take foolish risks.

6)"'brought him great success.

7)The pupils took the teacher as their example.

8)...an enormous pile of letters.

Ⅵ. 1)Whether for him, the arch anti-Communist, this was riot bowing down in the

House of Rimmon :whether he was not renouncing his previous attitude towards

Communism; whether he was not changing his position since he had all along been

opposed to Communism.

2)I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes: I think the Red armymen will be

surrounded and captured in surprisingly large numbers.

3)The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial

domination: Here "appetite" is used metaphorically, meaning strong German desire

for conquest.

4)Still smarting from many a British whipping: Here "whipping" is used

metaphorically, meaning counterattack.

5)rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke: Here both

"shadow" and "yoke" are used metaphorically, the former meaning the very strong power

or influence (of Hitler) and the latter meaning control.

Ⅶ.1)as cool as cucumber 2)fact and fantasy

3)He came back sound and safe.

4)She sang a song.

5) Next to health, heart and home, happiness for mobile Americans depends upon

the automobile.

Ⅷ. Parallel structure :

1)We will never parley

We will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang

2)We shall fight him by land

We shall fight him by sea

We shall fight him in the air

3)behind all this glare

behind all this storm I see'"

4)1 see the Russian soldiers standing'"

I see

I see the ten

I see

I see also the dull„

I see the German bombers„

I see that small group„

5)that is our policy

and that is our declaration

6)We shall be fortified and encouraged in our efforts.

We shall be strengthened and not weakened in determination and resources.

7)Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience.

Let us redouble our exertions„

Repetition :

1)We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose.

2)He has so long thrived and prospered.

3)We will never parley, we will

Nazi war machine, a swarm of crawling locusts, small group of villainous men,

his shadow, his yoke, his tyranny, Hitler's blood-lust and the hateful appetites

X. 1)preparing, writing down 2)very fast and violently 3)obtaining, getting

4)returned it 6)frontiers 7)ancient time 8)evil 9)agree

10)hold talks with our enemy ll)religious belief; faith 12)sadly, deplorably

13) great and sudden disaster

XI. 1)This is true of the rural area as well as of the urban area.

2)He was counting on their support.

3)I don't remember his exact words, but I'm sure he did say something to that

effect.

4)Churchill said, "Tell Stalin that Britain has but one desire --to crush Hitler.

5)Only 9% of the population in that country remains illiterate.

6)This leaves them no choice but to rely on his efforts.

7)The guests were overwhelmed by the warm reception.

8)They overwhelmed the enemy by a surprise attack.

9)Their difficulty is our difficulty just as we view their victory as our own

victory.

10)It is clear that German fascists were trying to put the people in that region

under their domination.

XII.1)turn into 3)turn 4)turned to 5) turned„into 6 )

turning„ to 7 ) turn „ on 8) turned down 9 ) turned out 10)turned out

11)turn up

XIII.(6) (1) (4) (7) (3) (2) (5)

XVThe Nazi regime is the most wicked in the world. Now, it is invading U. S. S. R. ,

and the Russian soldiers are doing their best to safeguard their country. This is

a crucial point. I have to declare the policy we should follow. Our policy is to

destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. Therefore, we must make every

effort to fight together with those who fight Hitler and his supporters. We must

unite all our friends and allies in every part of the world to fight Hitler.

Hitler's invasion of Russia is merely a prelude to an invasion of Great Britain,

which will lead to his total control over the Western Hemisphere. The Russian danger

is therefore our danger, and the danger of the United States. If we don't unite,

we'll be struck down one by one. Let us make a joint effort to fight the Nazi German.