2024年3月12日发(作者：)

01. THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期表。

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic

number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral

atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is

determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the

neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z.

原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于

原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，

这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量

The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To

the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the

property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1

to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has

been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is

simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters,

for example:

术语元素是指，一个纯粹的物质与一个单一的一种原子。到药店“种”的原子是由它

的原子序数，因为它的属性决定了其化学行为。目前所有的原子从2 =1=107是已知有107

种化学元素。每一种化学元素被给予了一个名字和一个独特的符号。对大多数元素符号的

简单的缩写形式的英语名字组成一个或2个字母，例如：

oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg

Some elements,which have been known for a long time,have symbols based

on their Latin names, for example:

一些元素，已经知道了很长时间，有符号的基础上他们的拉丁名称，例如：

iron==Fe(ferrum) copper==Cu(cuprum) lead==Pb(plumbum)

A complete listing of the elements may be found in Table 1.

一个完整的列表的元素可以被发现在表1。

Beginning in the late seventeenth century with the work of Robert Boyle, who

proposed the presently accepted concept of an element, numerous investigations

produced a considerable knowledge of the properties of elements and their

compounds

1

. In 1869, eev and L. Meyer, working independently,

proposed the periodic law. In modern form, the law states that the properties of

the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. In other words, when

the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, elements having

closely similar properties will fall at definite intervals along the list. Thus it is

possible to arrange the list of elements in tabular form with elements having

similar properties placed in vertical columns

2

. Such an arrangement is called a

periodic

从第十七世纪后期的工作，罗伯特波义耳，谁提出了目前公认的概念的一种元素，许

多调查产生了相当的知识性质的元素和图4。1869，门捷列夫和梅尔，独立工作，提出了

周期律。在现代形式，法律规定，元素的性质是周期函数，其原子序数。换句话说，当元

素被列为原子量，元素具有相似性质会在一定的间隔沿着列表。因此，这是可以安排的元

素列表以表格的形式元素具有类似的属性放置在垂直columns2。这样的安排被称为周期

Each horizontal row of elements constitutes a period. It should be noted that

the lengths of the periods vary. There is a very short period containing only 2

elements, followed by two short periods of 8 elements each, and then two long

periods of 18 elements each. The next period includes 32 elements, and the last

period is apparently incomplete. With this arrangement, elements in the same

vertical column have similar characteristics. These columns constitute the chemical

families or groups. The groups headed by the members of the two 8-element

periods are designated as main group elements, and the members of the other

groups are called transition or inner transition elements.

每一行的元素构成的。应该指出的是，长度的不同时期。有一个很短的时间只包含2

个要素，其次是短周期各有8个元素，然后两只长周期各有18个元素。今后一个时期，

包括32个单元，及一期显然是不完整的。有了这项安排，在同一垂直列有相似的特点。

这些柱子构成的化学家庭或团体。该团体的成员为首的8期间被指定为主族元素，和其他

成员的团体称为过渡或内过渡元素。

In the periodic table, a heavy stepped line divides the elements into metals

and nonmetals. Elements to the left of this line (with the exception of hydrogen)

are metals, while those to the right are nonmetals. This division is for convenience

only; elements bordering the line—the metalloids-have properties characteristic of

- both metals and nonmetals. It may be seen that most of the elements, including

all the transition and inner transition elements, are metals.

在周期表，重走线分为金属和非金属元素。元素线的左边（除氢）是金属，而那些正

确的是非金属。这种划分是为了方便；邻近的元素称为在线性能特点-金属和非金属。可以

看出，大部分元素，包括所有的过渡和内过渡元素都是金属的。

Except for hydrogen, a gas, the elements of group IA make up the alkali metal

family. They are very reactive metals, and they are never found in the elemental

state in nature. However, their compounds are widespread. All the members of the

alkali metal family, form ions having a charge of 1+ only. In contrast, the elements

of group IB —copper, silver, and gold—are comparatively inert. They are similar to

the alkali metals in that they exist as 1+ ions in many of their compounds. However,

as is characteristic of most transition elements, they form ions having other

charges as well.

除了氢气，天然气，这些元素构成了碱金属族。他们是非常活泼金属，他们从来没有

发现元素的状态性质。然而，它们的化合物是普遍的。所有成员的碱金属离子，形成有一

个负责的1 +只。与此相反，兴业集团的元素铜，银，和gold-are相对惰性。它们是类似

的碱金属在它们存在1+离子在他们的许多化合物。然而，作为特点是大多数过渡元素，形

成离子具有其它费用等。

The elements of group IIA are known as the alkaline earth metals. Their

characteristic ionic charge is 2+. These metals, particularly the last two members of

the group, are almost as reactive as the alkali metals. The group IIB elements—zinc,

cadmium, and mercury are less reactive than are those of group II A

5

, but are more

reactive than the neighboring elements of group IB. The characteristic charge on

their ions is also 2+.

元素族被称为碱土金属。其特点是2 +离子电荷。这些金属，特别是最后的2组的成

员，几乎无功为碱金属。本集团防爆elements-zinc，镉，汞不反应比那些第二组5，但

更反应比相邻的元素组IB收费的特点的离子为+ 2。

With the exception of boron, group IIIA elements are also fairly reactive metals.

Aluminum appears to be inert toward reaction with air, but this behavior stems

from the fact that the metal forms a thin, invisible film of aluminum oxide on the

surface, which protects the bulk of the metal from further oxidation. The metals of

group IIIA form ions of 3+ charge. Group IIIB consists of the metals scandium,

yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium.

除硼，组Ⅲ元素也相当活泼金属。铝似乎是空气惰性，但这一现象是由金属形成一个

薄，看不见的氧化铝薄膜的表面，以保护内部被进一步氧化。金属集团III A部形成离子3

+电荷。第三副族包括了金属钪，钇，镧，和锕。

Group IVA consists of a nonmetal, carbon, two metalloids, silicon and

germanium, and two metals, tin and lead. Each of these elements forms some

compounds with formulas which indicate that four other atoms are present per

group IVA atom, as, for example, carbon tetrachloride, GCl

4

. The group IVB metals

—titanium, zirconium, and hafnium —also forms compounds in which each group

IVB atom is combined with four other atoms; these compounds are

nonelectrolytes when pure.

群阴包括非金属，碳，双金属，硅和锗，和金属，锡和铅。每一个这些元素形成化合

物的公式表明，其他四个原子存在一组经原子，如，例如，四氯化碳，gcl4。群族金属钛，

锆，铪-也在形成化合物时，每个ⅣB族原子与四个其它原子结合；这些化合物在纯态时为

非电解质。

The elements of group V A include three nonmetals — nitrogen, phosphorus,

and arsenic—and two metals — antimony and bismuth. Although compounds

with the formulas N

2

O

5

, PCl

5

, and AsCl

5

exist, none of them is ionic. These elements

do form compounds-nitrides, phosphides, and arsenides — in which ions having

charges of minus three occur. The elements of group VB are all metals. These

elements form such a variety of different compounds that their characteristics are

not easily generalized.内容包括三组五个金属-氮，磷，和高砷双金属锑和铋。虽然化合

物的公式的应用，以及ascl5-学术论文网，不存在，他们是离子。这些元素形成

compounds-nitrides，磷化物和砷化物，-，离子收费减去三发生。族元素是所有金属中。

这些元素形成了各种不同的化合物，其特点是不容易推广。

With the exception of polonium, the elements of group VIA are typical

nonmetals. They are sometimes known, as the, chalcogens, from the Greek word

meaning "ash formers". In their binary compounds with metals they exist as ions

having a charge of 2

-

. The elements of group ⅦA are all nonmetals and are known

as the halogens. from the Greek term meaning "salt formers.” They are the most

reactive nonmetals and are capable of reacting with practically all the metals and

with most nonmetals, including each other.

除钋元素，通过典型的非金属材料。它们有时被称为，，chalcogens，来自希腊语的

意思是“灰形成”。在与金属的二元化合物存在的离子有一个负责的2—。族元素Ⅶ一都

是非金属和被称为卤素。来自希腊词的意思是“盐的形成。”他们是最活泼的非金属和反

应能力与几乎所有的金属和非金属材料与大多数，包括彼此。

The elements of groups ⅥB, ⅦB, and VIIIB are all metals. They form such a

wide Variety of compounds that it is not practical at this point to present any

examples as being typical of the behavior of the respective groups. 元素Ⅵ乙组，Ⅶ

乙，并备都是金属。他们形成等多种化合物，这是不实际的，在这一点上提出任何例子是

典型的行为各自组。

The periodicity of chemical behavior is illustrated by the fact that. excluding

the first period, each period begins with a very reactive metal. Successive element

along the period show decreasing metallic character, eventually becoming

nonmetals, and finally, in group ⅦA, a very reactive nonmetal is found. Each

period ends with a member of the noble gas family.

化学行为的周期性说明了事实。除第一期，每一期开始一个非常活泼的金属。连续元

素在周期显示减少金属性质，最终成为金属，最后，在Ⅶ一组，一个非常活泼的非金属元

素。每个周期结束的成员，惰性气体的家庭。