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专题 02 阅读理解 说明文

--2023年高考英语阅读理解联考+名校联考模拟题分类精选

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1.【2022年山东省实验中学校考模拟预测】

Inspired by how dandelions (蒲公英) use the wind to distribute their seeds, a University of Washington team

has developed a tiny sensor-carrying device that can be blown by the wind. It could provide unique insights for a

variety of applications, including digital agriculture and monitoring climate change.

This system is about 30 times as heavy as a I milligram dandelion seed but can still travel up to 100 meters in

a gentle wind, about the length of a football field, from where it is released. Once on the ground, the device, with at

least four sensors, uses solar panels to power its onboard electronics and can share sensor data up to 60 meters

away.

To keep things light, the team used solar panels instead of conventional batteries. The challenge is that without

a battery the system can’t store a charge, which means after the sun goes down, the sensors stop working. In some

cases, this might result in data losses. So the team included a capacitor, a device that can store some charge

overnight.

To measure how far the devices would travel in the wind, the researchers dropped them from different heights,

either by hand or by drone. One trick to spread out the device from a single drop point is to vary their shapes

slightly so they are carried by the wind differently. “This is mimicking biology (仿生学), where variation is

actually a feature, rather than a bug, ” said co author Thomas Daniel, a UW professor of biology. “Plants can’t

guarantee that where they grow up this year is going to be good next year, so they have some seeds that can travel

farther away. It’s like putting eggs in different baskets.”

With further improvements, the technology definitely has good prospects. “We can create devices that change

shape as they fall, or facilitate some more mobility once they are on the ground to get closer to an area we’re

curious about, ” said the lead author Shyam Gollakota, another UW professor.

5．How does the author introduce the device in Paragraph 2?

A．By offering examples. B．By listing reasons.

C．By making comparisons.

6．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about?

A．The superior flying capacity.

C．The complex building procedure.

D．By giving figures.

B．The reason for shape adjustment.

D．The increasingly wide application.

7．What’s the author’s attitude to solar-powered sensors?

A．Critical. B．Unconcerned. C．Favorable. D．Doubtful.

8．What’s the purpose of the text?

A．To introduce a device.

C．To explain a phenomenon.

B．To clarify a concept.

D．To advertise a product.

2.【2022年湖北高三华中师大一附中期中测试】

On June 23,2018,twelve young Thai boys and their assistant football coach wandered into a karst cave in

northern Thailand, near the border with Myanmar. What happened next would grab the world’s attention and lead to

a complex and daring international rescue operation. The 10.3-kilometer-long Tham Luang cave flooded, trapping

the boys in total blackness nearly 2.5 kilometers from the cave entrance.

Thousands of people from around the globe participated in the rescue effort, including military personnel,

medical experts and the rock stars of the operation — cave divers. The divers, who safely removed all of the Thai

children and their coach after 18 days underground, dealt with tight spaces and low visibility in muddy water-

conditions that would prove deadly: Saman Gunan, a former Thai Navy Seal, died while transporting air tanks into

the cave.

While the sport of cave diving had received attention in the pop culture area prior to the rescue mission in

North Thailand, there is little doubt that the brave divers at Tham Luang cave helped push the activity and its

varieties of risks into global society’s minds.

The sport-often referred to as among the world’s most dangerous recreational activities-has its roots in

pre-WWII England. Since then, the recreational practice of cave diving, described by Australian cave explorer

Richard Harris (a participant in the Tham Luang cave rescue) as an “unusual hobby” for “the ordinary,” has spread

around the world-China included.

Over 1,000 kilometers northeast of Tham Luang cave, in South China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,

lies karst-peak-covered Du’an county-China’s little-known cave diving Mecca.

Home to thousands of kilometers of underground rivers, Du’an county offers divers spellbinding geological

formations, perhaps the world’s largest collection of blind fish species and a rare variety of freshwater jellyfish.

9．What do we know about the Tham Luang cave rescue operation?

A．There was no loss of life in the process. B．Rock stars took part in the rescue efforts.

C．Rescue team came from more than Thailand. D．Few people cared about it outside Thailand.

10．What contributes to people knowing more about cave diving globally?

A．Its dangerous recreations.

C．An expert’s description.

B．Its long history.

D．The divers’ heroic deeds.

11．Why is Du’an county referred to as a cave diving Mecca?

A．It is northeast of Tham Luang cave.

C．It is hardly known to the outside world.

B．There are lots of underground rivers.

D．It has the world’s largest geological formations.

12．What will be talked about in the following passage?

A．Spectacular cave diving experiences in Du’an.

B．Diving instructions shared by Richard Harris.

C．Lessons learned from this rescue operation.

D．Foods offered to tourists in Du’an.

3.【2022年湖北武汉市第一中学高三模拟】

Women were less likely than men to support the Vietnam war, the Gulf war, or the invasions of Afghanistan

and Iraq. They commit far fewer murders. They are less likely to favor strikes. For some scholars, these are grounds

for thinking that a world run by women would be more peaceful.

But European history suggests otherwise, according to political scientists Oeindrila Dube and S. P. Harish.

They studied how often European rulers went to war between 1480 and 1913, and found that states ruled by queens

were 27% more likely to get involved in wars than those ruled by kings.

This was not all the queens’ fault: men, seeing them as soft targets, tended to attack them. Frederick the Great

of Prussia once declared: ”No woman should ever be allowed to govern anything.“ Shortly after becoming king, he

attacked the newly crowned Archduchess of Austria, Maria Theresa, and seized Silesia province. Despite years of

war, she never recovered it.

But perceived weakness is not the whole story. Queens, the researchers found, were more likely to gain new

territory. Catherine the Great expanded her empire by some 200,000 square miles. And married queens were more

aggressive than single queens or kings, whether single or married.

The authors suggest several reasons for this. First, married queens may have been able to form more military

alliances(联盟),making them confident enough to pick fights. Their husbands had often served in the army before

they married, and were well placed to strengthen military ties between their homelands and their wives’ states.

Second, unlike most kings, queens often gave their husbands a lot of power,putting them in charge of foreign

policy or the economy. During the 1740s, Maria Theresa’s husband, Francis I, reformed the Austrian economy and

raised money for the armed forces while his wife ruled much of central Europe. Prince Albert was Queen Victoria’s

most trusted adviser, shaping her foreign policy until his death in1861. This division of labor, the authors suggest,

freed up time for queens to pursue more aggressive policies.

The modern era, too, has witnessed female leaders in wars: Golda Meir and the Yom Kippur war, or Margaret

Thatcher and the Falklands. The number of countries led by women has more than doubled since 2000, but there is

plenty of room for improvement: the current level of 15 represents less than 10 % of the total. A world in which

more women took power might be more equal. Whether it would be more peaceful is a different question.

13．The underlined “perceived weakness” in paragraph 4 means that________.

A．women were less likely to support wars

B．women could not recover lost territory

C．women commit far fewer crimes

D．women were soft targets

14．Why were married queens more likely to gain new territory?

A．Because their military alliances picked fights for them.

B．Because they were ambitious and aggressive by nature.

C．Because their husbands were supportive in state governing.

D．Because they centralized all power into their own hands.

15．What is the purpose of mentioning the two female leaders in the last paragraph?

A．To imply there is room for improvement in gender equality.

B．To indicate more females become leaders in modern times.

C．To illustrate female leaders cannot prevent wars in modern times.

D．To suggest female leaders have their share of wars in modern times.

16．According to the passage, we can safely conclude that________.

A．married women are not fit to govern their states on their own

B．female leaders should be responsible for all wars throughout history

C．the world wouldn’t be more peaceful even if more women took power

D．the division of labor allows queens to survive economic crisis

4.【2022年湖南长沙一中高三测试】

Most brands’ marketing strategies target our vision-think about logos, ads and other symbols. Some try to

stimulate us with upbeat music or relaxing sounds. But targeting our noses can be an even more powerful tool for

brands, say marketing experts.

An industry, known as scent marketing, is dedicated to developing custom fragrances(香味). ScentAir, for

example, is one of the largest sellers of fragrance diffusers(扩散器)to leading brands. The company designs 9

“fragrance experiences” ranging from “luxurious and sophisticated” to “passionate and sensual”. On the flip side, it

also tries to mask and neutralize(中和)awful smells from bathrooms or kitchens.

According to Laurence Minsky, a professor from Columbia College Chicago who studies branding, our sense

of smell runs straight to our limbic system, and thus deploying a pleasant fragrance in a store can influence

customers’ feelings about it and help it stand out in a crowded market. It can also cue up past memories, Minsky

said.

The presence of a pleasant scent in stores resulted in a 3% sales increase compared to stores without one,

found a study published in The Journal of Marketing. And beyond just being pleasant, the specifics of scent matter.

Another study published in The Journal. Of. Retailing found that consumers spent more and purchased more items

in stores with a simple orange or lemon scent than in stores with complex scents.

The opportunity to create an ambiance(格调)while increasing sales has led retailers and other businesses to

experiment with different scents and create their own fragrance experiences. Brands such as Play-Doh and Johnson

& Johnson were some of the first to use scent as a marketing tool. Play-Doh even successfully trademarked its own

fragrance in 2018.

Since the 1990s, Singapore Airlines has also been using its own fragrance. Flight attendants wear it as perfume;

it is mixed into hot towels served before takeoff and wafts through the cabin during the flight. Hotels such as Hyatt

and Westin pump smells into their lobbies, while many supermarkets move their bakeries from the back of the store

to the front.

But stores should keep a delicate balance when they engineer their smells. The USA’s subway, for example,

has been criticized by some customers for an unpleasant bread smell. When Starbucks introduced breakfast

sandwiches in 2008, it found the smell of sandwiches cooking in the oven was overpowering its coffee fragrance.

17．What may be the function of the limbic system?

A．Improving our fashion sense.

B．Getting rid of some bad memories.

C．Changing our perspectives on things.

D．Regulating our emotions and memories.

18．What do paragraphs 5-6 mainly tell us?

A．The history of scent marketing.

B．The significance of scent marketing.

C．The wide application of scent marketing.

D．The influence of various scent experiments.

19．What is the purpose of the last paragraph?

A．To try out an idea.

B．To issue a warning.

C．To draw a conclusion.

D．To give a piece of advice.

20．Which is the most suitable title for the text?

A．Pay attention to your brand image

B．Use smell to get you to spend more

C．Increase sales of fragrance diffusers

D．Attract customers with excellent service

5.【2022年天津南开高三中学校模拟 】

One side effect of globalization and the related phenomenon of greatly increased mobility is that the traditional

definition of “foreigner” has passed its sell-by date.

Is a European who has lived in China longer than in his home country, becoming fluent in the language and

culture in the process, still a foreigner in China, or has he become more of a foreigner in his own home town? What

about a Beijinger who did her schooling in Canada and then lived and worked in mainstream society there for

another 20 years while raising a family, who has no intention of returning to China? Does she think and act like a

foreigner? What do we mean by this label?

When I grew up in the suburbs of Chicago, the faces you would see during a walk through a local shopping

mall back in the 1960s and 1970s included almost none of Asian descent. Today the same malls are full of Asian

faces, and a glance at the ranks of top scoring students in local schools reveals lots of Asian surnames.

To some extent, this is no great surprise in the American context, because America is a land of immigrants, and

a cultural melting pot. Apart from the native American Indians, Americans are (or were), in some way, all

foreigners anyway. Absorbing a large number of immigrants is an established pattern in American history.

In most places, the traditional foreigners were people who didn’t speak or read the local languages well, were

unfamiliar with local customs and lifestyles, often engaged in relatively third-class work, and certainly not the type

of people you would want your sons or daughters to marry. But, nowadays, a foreigner down the street may have

better SAT scores than you did, or higher degree from a better university. He might also be your son’s or daughter’s

next employer.

The traditional role models are getting mixed up, and it looks like this is just the beginning of a new chapter.

Today, the whole thing has totally changed. It’s not about where people are from or what color their skins are. It’s

about who they are, what values and skills they bring, and how they think.

21．By mentioning a European and a Beijinger, the author tends to tell us ______.

A．it’s no long proper to define foreigners according to their birthplaces

B．the label of foreigners can never be removed

C．most foreigners can do well in learning languages

D．it’s impossible for a foreigner to get recognition abroad

22．What can be inferred from the 3rd paragraph?

A．In 1960s and 1970s, Asians didn’t shop in Chicago.

B．Today, more and more Asian travelers like to shop in Chicago.

C．There are more Asian immigrants today than in 1960s and 1970s in Chicago.

D．Most Asian students do well academically in the schools in Chicago.

23．Which is NOT the feature of the traditional foreigners according to the author?

A．They didn’t have good command of the local languages.

B．It’s hard for them to marry local people.

C．They rarely got familiar with the local customs and lifestyles.

D．Most of them didn’t live at the bottom of the local society.

24．The underlined part in Paragraph 1 has the closest meaning to______.

A．the term “foreigner” should be redefined

B．the term “foreigner” should no longer be used

C．there are no more foreigners in the world today

D．the term “foreigner” is not proper to define people

25．What’s the main idea of the passage?

A．Globalization and mobility caused more and more immigrants.

B．The standards of defining “foreigner” have thoroughly changed.

C．America is a cultural melting pot.

D．Immigration is a global social phenomenon.

6.【2022年浙江省名校联考一模】

Dogs are capable of understanding the emotions behind an expression on a human face. The study is the latest

to reveal just how connected dogs are with people. The research also provides evidence that dogs use different parts

of their brains to process human emotions. By living in close contact with humans, dogs have developed specific

skills that enable them to interact and communicate efficiently with people. Recent studies have shown that the

dogs’ brain can pick up on emotional clues contained in a person’s voice, body smell and posture,and read their

faces.

In this study,the authors watched what happened when they presented photographs of the same two adults’

faces(a man and a woman) to 26 feeding dogs. The images were placed strategically to the sides of the animals’ line

of sight and the photos showed a human face ex-pressing one of the six basic human emotions:

anger,fear,happiness,sadness,surprise,dis-gust or being neutral.

The dogs showed greater response and cardiac(心脏的)activity when shown photo-graphs that expressed

arousing emotional states such as anger, fear and happiness. They also took longer to resume feeding after seeing

these images. The dogs’ increased heart rate indicated that in these cases they experienced higher levels of stress.

In addition,dogs tended to turn their heads to the left when they saw human faces ex-pressing anger,fear or

happiness. The reverse happened when the faces looked surprised, possibly because dogs view it as a

non-threatening, relaxed expression.“Clearly arousing, negative emotions seem to be processed by the right side of

a dog’s brain,and more positive emotions by the left side,”says Siniscalchi.

The results support that of other studies done on dogs and other mammals. These show that the right side of

the brain plays a more important part in regulating the sympathetic out-flow to the heart. This is a fundamental

organ for the control of the “fight or flight”Behavioral response necessary for survival.

26．What does the new research show?

A．People’s emotions are exactly revealed in dogs’ brains.

B．Dog’s brains are highly affected by people’s emotions.

C．Dogs own the natural ability to understand people’s emotions.

D．Dogs treat human emotions with different sides of their brains.

27．How do dogs form the skills to interact with people?

A．By following certain orders.

B．By being treated by their owners.

C．By being closely connected with people.

D．By recognizing different faces on pictures.

28．Which can best replace the underlined word“reverse”in paragraph 4?

A．opposite B．nervous C．rewarding D．similar

29．What may be a suitable title for the text?

A．Dogs are living in close contact with people

B．Dogs understand what’s written all over your face

C．Dogs’ heart rate increases when experiencing stress

D．Negative emotions affect dogs’ returning to feeding

7. 【2022年江西高三联考】

Environmentalists warn that gas stoves in our kitchens are bad for the climate and our health. First, there is

unburned natural gas that can escape before the flame burns or leak from the stove, which is more than 90 percent

methane(甲烷). Second, a burning stove can create pollutants to harm the lungs.

The big surprise in one new study, conducted by environmental scientists at Stanford University, was the

amount of unburned gas that leaks into kitchens when a stove is off. They found that more than three quarters of

methane that escapes from a stove does so when it is not in use, most likely through imperfect pipe fittings. With 40

million gas stoves across America, Jackson and his co-authors estimate that the heat-trapping potential of the

methane they release annually is roughly equal to the carbon dioxide released by half a million gas-powered cars.

The Stanford study also looked at the amount of nitrogen oxides produced when using the stoves. The second

study looked at the non-methane components of unburden gas from stoves. They found 21 dangerous chemicals.

The amounts were small, but Michanowicz worries that, with winter coming and lots of us working at home, we’re

reducing air exchange, which means indoor pollution will be great.

Not surprisingly, the American Gas Association has criticized both studies. Richard Meyers, a vice president of

the association, said that the authors identified no health concern. As for the Stanford study, Meyers says the

nitrogen oxides were measured improperly, using plastic sheets to create small spaces around the stoves. Stanford’s

Jackson replies that the team’s health risk assessments were based on measurements in open, untended kitchens.

The team suggests that governments provide support for people to switch to electric ranges. Several US cities

are reducing the use of natural gas(for stoves and heat) in new construction. As for me, weather permitting, I’ll

open a window.

30．What’s the finding of the scientists at Stanford University?

A．Kitchens are a great source of pollution.

B．Stoves not in use leak lots of unburned gas.

C．Methane given off in the kitchen is harmful.

D．90% of methane is produced in the kitchen.

31．What makes Michanowicz worried?

A．Non-methane elements in gas are dangerous.

B．Unbumed gas does harm equal to gas-burning cars.

C．People are unaware of the harm of unburden gas.

D．People kept indoors will be exposed to the danger.

32．What’s Jackson’s attitude to Meyers’ blame?

A．Supportive. B．Unconcerned. C．Negative. D．Ambiguous.

33．What advice does the research team give to people?

A．Using electric stoves.

C．Opening the windows.

B．Fixing imperfect pipes.

D．Getting financial support.

8.【2022年重庆八中高三模拟】

A Chinese pet-cloning company has announced the birth of the world’s first cloned Arctic wolf, which was

carried to term by an unlikely surrogate (替代的) mother — a beagle. 100 days after birth, the cloned female wolf

pup, named Maya, and her beagle mother were unveiled to the world in a brief video at a press conference held

Sep.19 by the Sinogene Biotechnology Company in Beijing.

Normally, Sinogene specializes in cloning dead pets, such as cats, dogs and horses, for private clients. But the

company now wants to use its expertise to help clone endangered species for conservation purposes. “It’s a

breakthrough in the protection and breeding of wild and endangered animals,” said Mi Jidong, general manager of

Sinogene.

Maya was cloned using DNA collected from a fully grown Arctic wolf, also named Maya, which died in

captivity at Harbin Polarland, a wildlife park in northeast China. The original Maya, who was born in Canada

before being shipped to China in 2006, died due to old age in early 2021.

The cloning of Maya was successfully completed “after two years of painstaking efforts,” Mi Jidong said at

the company’s press conference. Sinogene researchers originally created 137 Arctic wolf embryos (胚胎) by

joining skin cells from the original Maya with immature egg cells from dogs, using a process known as somatic cell

nuclear transfer (SCNT). Of those embryos, 85 were successfully transplanted into seven beagle surrogates. From

those transplanted embryos, just one fully developed during pregnancy.

The researchers used beagle surrogates because there were not enough female wolves in the park for the

scientists’ experiments. Luckily, dogs share enough DNA with wolves for the hybrid pregnancy to gestate (怀孕)

successfully.

Maya now lives with her surrogate mother at a Sinogene lab in Xuzhou, eastern China, but the wolf pup will

eventually be transferred to Harbin Polar land to live with other Arctic wolves.

34．What do we know about Sinogene?

A．It specializes in public services.

B．It has achieved advances in cloning.

C．It’s the first cloning company in China.

D．It’s a foreign company based in Beijing.

35．How did Sinogene successfully develop the embryo?

A．By adopting a new method called SCNT.

B．By isolating DNA from dogs’ immature egg cells.

C．By combining a wolf embryo with a beagle embryo.

D．By inserting a wolf’s skin cells into eggs from dogs.

36．Why were beagles used in the experiment?

A．Because their embryos guaranteed pregnancy.

B．Because Arctic wolves had long lived with them.

C．Because beagles’ DNA is identical to that of Arctic wolves.

D．Because Arctic female wolves used for research were limited.

37．What’s the purpose of the text?

A．To explain a study method of cloning.

B．To share a recent scientific achievement.

C．To call for the protection of engendered species.

D．To introduce a pioneering Chinese cloning company.

9.【上海市同济大学第一附属中学2022-2023学年高三上学期英语试题】

Gardeners may be able to cut down on the amount of weeds(杂草）killer they use by dealing with invaders at

specific times of the day, such as dawn, a new study suggests.

Researchers at the University of Bristol have discovered that the 24-hour rhythms of plants leave them more

defenseless to herbicides(除草剂) at different points in their daily 24 hour cycle.

They believe the findings could help farmers by reducing crop loss and improving harvests. And gardeners

could benefit from knowing which weeds respond better at certain times of the day. In recent years, pesticides and

herbicides have been implicated in the decline of important pollinating insects, such as bees.

Dr Antony Dodd，senior author of the new study，said: “The research suggests that, in future, we might be able

to improve the use of some chemicals that are used in agriculture by taking advantage of the biological clock in

plants.

Just like humans, plants have evolved to take advantage of cycles of night and day, with certain biological

processes turning on at different times of the day.

Scientists have discovered that many drugs work much better in humans if they are given at specific hours.

Aspirin, for example, has doubled the impact on thinning the blood if taken at night as opposed to in the morning.

The process is known as ‘chronotherapy’ and researchers wanted to find out if the same concept could be applied to

plants.

Many gardeners already know that plants drink in more water in the morning because their pores(气孔) are

open to take advantage of early morning dew and water vapour. At the break of the day, plants are also not busy

producing food throughphotosynthesis(光和作用）.The open pores could also be the reasons that chemicals are

more effective at dawn and also at dusk.

The air is also likely to be stiller at dawn and dusk, meaning that pesticides or herbicides are less likely to be

blown away to places where they are not wanted. Pesticide labels often warn against spraying on windy days in

case they endanger people or animals. Many insects are active early in the morning and around dusk, also making

very early morning and early evening effective times for insecticide.

Commenting on the study, Dr. Trevor Dines, Botanical Specialist at the conservation charity Plantlife, said:

“This is fascinating research which will be of great interest to many gardeners like me. If anything used to think the

opposite was true - that applying herbicides and pesticides late in the day would be better as they’d remain in Vet

contact' with the plant for longer in the cool of the night and therefore be taken up or absorbed more effectively.

This research knocks that assumption on its head”

43. Which of the following can replace the underlined phrase “implicated in” in the third paragraph?

A. restored to

C. limited to

B. blamed for

D. composed of

44. According to the research, what are the reasons for using herbicides in the morning?

A. The process of photosynthesis is most active in the morning.

B. Insects are more defenseless in the morning than any other time of the day.

C. Bigger pores on the plants make herbicides work more effectively.

D. The stronger morning wind blows pesticides away to more places.

45. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. Gardeners were interested in combining science with gardening.

B. A long time had passed before herbicide was applied in farming.

C. The old assumption about the use of chemicals proved right.

D. Many gardeners used to spray herbicides at the wrong time.

46. What is the main idea of this article?

A. New chemicals have been found to help kill harmful insects.

B. Biological clock of plants could help gardeners use less weed killer.

C. Plants’ cycles can be taken advantage of to improve the environment.

D. The research on the effects of pesticides has enabled good harvests.