2024年2月16日发(作者：)

2010年考研英语一

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following the best word(s) for each numbered

mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series

of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.

It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity.

Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the

extremely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed

subjects’ behavior

The idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the ing

to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,

but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment.

__7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that they were being

experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__ itself

After several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis

Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes

in lighting

It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let

to __14__interpretation of what happened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a

Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the

previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ ，a comparison

with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went

up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in

any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the

alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down

1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored

2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off

3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof

4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous

5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments

6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work

7. [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as

8. [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion

9. [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant

10. [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by

11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed

12. [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to

13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source

14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading

15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual

16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly

17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued

20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：

Read the following four the questions below each text by

choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 2

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called

business com received one for its“one-click”online payment system

Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation inventor

patented a technique for lying a box。

Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on

business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first

authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the

U.S court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use particular case to

conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known,

is “a very big deal”， says Dermis'D, Crouch of the University of Missouri School

of “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents”

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was

the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in

the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling

mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent

filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive

pints to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies

raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals

that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had

been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned

the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed

themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court

cases opposing the practice。

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the

energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case

would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three,

and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its state

street Bank ruling。

The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions

by the supreme. Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.

Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld

for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction

to the anti-patent trend at the supreme court” says Harole C Wegner, a par tend

attorney and professor at Washington University Law School。

26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of

[A] their limited value to business [B] their connection with asset allocation

[C] the possible restriction on their granting [D] the controversy over

authorization

27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?

[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions [B] It involves a very big

business transaction

[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit [D] It may change the legal

practices in the U.S。

28. The word “about-face”(Line 1, Paro 3)most probably means

[A] loss of good will [B]increase of hostility

[C]change of attitude [D] enhancement of disunity

learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents

[A] are immune to legal challenges [B] are of ten unnecessarily issued

[C] lower the esteem for patent holders [D] increase the incidence of risks

of the following would be the subject of the text?

[A]A looming threat to business-method patents

[B]Protection for business-method patent holders

[C]A legal case regarding business-method patents

[D] A prevailing tread against business-method patents

Text 3

In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are

driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often

called influentials who are unusual informed, persuasive, or we connect. The idea

is intuitively compelling but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread。

The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but

largely untested theory called the "tow-step flow of communication". Information

flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers

have embraced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find and

influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them.

The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was

wearing, promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.

Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special

people call drive trends。

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding

that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.

In fact , they don’t seem to be required of all. The researchers' argument stems

from a simple observation about social influence, with the exception of a few

celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of

media, not interpersonal influence-even the most influential members of a population

simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these

non-celebrating influentials who according to the two-step-flow theory are supposed

to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For

a social epidemic to occur however each person so affected must then influence his

or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how

many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial

influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial

influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential, prove

resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many

people。

Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers

studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of

populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to

influence others and their tendency to be。

31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to

[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics

[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas

[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics

[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials

32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”

[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems

[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends

[C] has won support from influentials

[D] requires solid evidence for its validity

33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that

[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions

[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media

[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public

[D]most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention

34. The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones

who

[A]stay outside the network of social influence

[B]have little contact with the source of influence

[C]are influenced and then influence others

[D] are influenced by the initial influential

35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?

[A]The eagerness to be accepted [B]The impulse to influence others

[C]The readiness to be influenced [D]The inclination to rely on others

Text 4

Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the

scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters.

Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s

just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party

would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch。

Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be

unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper

functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic

assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.

After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards

Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models

to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term

assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against

those who “question our motives。” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance

what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management。”

European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting

Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without

overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of

rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned

the IASB that it did ”not live in a political vacuum” but” in the real word”

and the Europe could yet develop different rules。

It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued

assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they Largely

reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.

The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book

value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the

paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are

reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains。

To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.

America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets

to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and

even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning

up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility interests.

But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions。

36. Bankers complained that they were forced to

[A]follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules [B]collect payments from third

parties

[C]cooperate with the price managers [D]reevaluate some of their assets

ing to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in

[A]the diminishing role of management [B] the revival of the banking system

[C]the bank’s long-term asset losses [D]the weakening of its independence

38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to

[A] keep away from political influences [B] evade the pressure from their peers

[C] act on their own in rule-setting [D]take gradual measures in reform

39、The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong planet”in that they

[A]misinterpreted market price indicators

[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets

[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts

[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets

40、The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of

[A]satisfaction [B]skepticism [C]objectiveness [D]sympathy

Part B

Directions:

For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and

fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text Paragraph E has been

correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark

your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)

[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating

out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from

about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected

to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from

the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year Europe compared with growth in

retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile as the recession is looming large, people

are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider

eating at home a realistic alternative。

[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a

standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow.

Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limit success, and

expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in

their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the

kind of market retailers need。

[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the

food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on

flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer

rather than the seller to decide what to buy. At any rate this change will ultimately

be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers

regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold。

[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that

master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in

substantial profits there by. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer

inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets,

especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the

competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must

understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European

wholesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched

competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too。

[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have

been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of same

building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent morn-and-pop

grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from

producers, and food service operators range from snack machines to large

institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade

as “horeca”：hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s retail wholesale

market, but the figures, when added together, masks two opposing trends。

[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France,

Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 percent of retail

sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail;

wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans

eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented

industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to considerate。

[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some

large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand, for those that

master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains。

41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → E → 45

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments

into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10

Points)

One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly one economic motives

is that most members of the land community have no economic value Yet these creatures

are members of the biotic community and , if its stability depends on its intensity,

they are entitled to continuance

When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love

it. We invert excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning of century

songbirds were supposed to be disappearing。(46)Scientists jumped to the rescure

with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect the insects would eat us up if

birds failed to control them the evidence had to be cambric in order to be valid。

It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic

yet. (47)but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should

continue as a matter of intrinsic right regardless of the presence of absence of

economic advantage to us。

A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating

birds(48)Time was when biologists somewhat over worded evidence that these creatures

preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only

on “worthless species”。

Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economic –minded

foresters they grow too slowly or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops

(49)In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced ,the non-commercial tree

species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as

such, within reason。

To sum up, a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is

hopelessly lopsided. (50)It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many

elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential

to its healthy functioning. Without the uneconomic pats。

Section III Writing

Part A

ions:

You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit

volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude

the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative。

You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the

letter. Use “postgraduate association" instead。

Part B

ions:

Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,

you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then

3) give your comments。

You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2.(20 points)

2010英语真题参考答案

一、完型填空

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.C 6. B 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.D

11.C 12.A 13.A 14.D 15.B 16.A 17.D 18.C 19.B 20.D

二、阅读理解

Text2 CDCBD

Text3 BDACC

Text4 AACCD

三、新题型

41.B 42.F 43.D 44.G 45.A

四、翻译

46.科学家们贸然拿出一些看似站不住脚的证据来补救，其大意是：鸟类不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们人类吃掉。

47.但是至少我们几乎承认了这样一种观点，那就是不管鸟类的生存对我们是否有经济利益，它们都有与生俱来的生存权利。

48.曾几何时，生物学家们总是重申这样的事实：这些生物通过捕食弱小的生物来维系健康的生物链，或者说它们只不过是在捕食无价值的物种。

49.在欧洲，生态林业较为发达，那些无商业价值的树种被视为天然森林群落的成员，应该得到合理保护。

50.这种体系通常忽视并最终导致很多陆地上物种的灭绝，这些物种往往是没有商业价值但却对陆地生态系统的健康运行至关重要。

五、Writing

小作文

An Announcement

Jan. 9, 2010

International Conference on Globalization, from March 3rd to 10th, will be held

at Tsinghua University. We, the Postgraduates’ Association, are entitled to

organize this conference. Thus, we are badly in need of volunteers to assist us in

organizing the relevant affairs, including reception, distribution of documents,

technical support, etc。

Students who have previous experience as volunteers are preferred. Basic

knowledge in computer, fluent oral English and an amicable personality are some of

the qualities we desire. Volunteers shall be available for at least 3 days without

absence during the conference。

If you are interested and willing to have a whole new experience in this semester,

please do not hesitate to send your resume to ******************before Jan. 20th.

Your applications are welcome。

Postgraduates’ Association

大作文

As is vividly betrayed in the drawing above, a hotpot is boiling with various

forms of both domestic and alien cultures, which could be categorized as literature,

moral values and performing arts. What is indicated in the drawing does reflect a

fact and is most thought-provoking。

The connotation of the drawing can be interpreted as following. China launched

Reform and Opening-up in 1978, which has promoted the rapid growth of national

economy. The development of economy has brought about the great changes of culture,

especially the traditional culture. At present, Chinese and Western cultures

conflict with each other but also merge into a unique form to a certain degree. In

the highly-integrated world today, no country is an isolated island. Every nation

is faced with miscellaneous alien culture. China needs to assimilate a good deal

of foreign progressive culture。

As far as I am concerned, some necessary measures should be taken. On one hand,

more efforts must be made to popularize cultures worldwide. On the other hand, a

nationwide education campaign should be launched among people, especially the young,

so as to cultivate an appropriate sense of cultural concept. Only in these ways can

we make greater contributions to the world cultural heritage。