2024年2月13日发(作者：)

Analysis on the Child’s Aggressive Behavior

and biological explanations for the development of

gender roles in children.

Gender identity refers to the child’s adoption of either a

typically masculine or typically feminine sex-role. Sex identity

is largely biological. Both sex identity and gender identity are

aspects of cognition. They are the knowledge that children have

acquired. Gender roles refer to the behavior that each person has.

1.1 Social learning theory emphasizes that sex appropriated

behaviors are largely taught by society rather than by being

biologically determined. Sex appropriate behaviors are learned in

the same ways as all other behaviors through imitation. In many

conscious and unconscious ways parents instill sex appropriate

behaviors in their children from the moment they are born, for

example, handle the new born girl with a gentle and delicate way

and the boy with a more vigorous and playful way. Although the

behavior which is generally associated with boys and girls may vary

according to their socialization, the extent or depth of it may be

explained by hormone levels.

1.2 Biological theory believes that sex-typed behaviors occur

as a result of basic biological differences between sexes.

Biological theorists have investigated the functions of biological

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factors in the following two main ways:

1.2.1 Effects of Hormone

Young and his associates conducted experiments on monkeys

injected with testosterone and found out hormones play a part in

producing sex-typed behavior. John Money studied the matched pair

of hermaphrodites and concluded that it is the socially imposed

identity which is the accepted one.

1.2.2 The Lateralization of Brain Function

Bryden found that men are more specialized than women concerning

the two hemispheres of the brain specializing in different functions.

Thus, it indicated that some sex differences are innate. But

psychology has no clear consensus regarding this.

2. Comparison of social and biological explanations for the

development of gender roles in Children.

2.1 Difference

Social learning theory believes very young children act

according to how they are expected to act. Their behavior can be

conditioned in quite informal ways by other children and adults.

Biological theory believes there are sex differences which are

the result of conception and of hormone balances during maturation.

Biological forces do act on us as we are “human animals”. Gender

roles vary between people, between culture, and between members of

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the same sex in any one culture.

2.2 Similarities

Both of the theories believe gender roles vary between different

socialization

Both of the theories believe that hormone may play a part

in the development of gender roles.

3. The possible reasons why a child might behave aggressively.

Aggression is an aggressive act which causes injury or anxiety

to others or the destruction of property.

The reasons why a child might behave aggressively are：

3.1 Aggression is instinctive and we must find acceptable ways

of expressing this, and have an innate, spontaneous readiness to

fight.

3.2 Biological theory believes that there is a relationship

between aggressive behavior and biochemistry (psychology).

Aggression is not automatically produced by stimulation to the brain,

but the aggression-center may be stimulated and the higher centers

in the brain decide on exactly which response will be initiated.

3.3 Aggression is a reaction to frustration. But it cannot apply

equally to all children because there is a wide range of individual

differences in reactions to frustration.

3.4 Aggression as a learned response. Social learning theorists

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believe that aggression is no different from any other learned

response. It can be learned by observation and imitation. The more

often aggression is reinforced; the more likely it is to occur. Peers

are a frequent source of reinforcement for aggressive behavior even

from a very young age. Home situation can also encourage aggressive

behavior.

3.5 Imitation of aggression―Experiment carried by Bandura

showed the children will imitates aggressive behavior.

3.6 Televised violence―a number of studies have investigated

the relationship between viewing violent television programmes and

aggressive behavior and it does show a relationship between them.

4. Discussion on the link between aggressive behavior and

violence on television

A number of studies have been carried out to investigate the

relationship between viewing violent television programmes and

aggressive behavior.

Bandura has conducted an experiment which demonstrated that

children will imitate aggressive behavior. He expanded the

experiment to include two filmed versions of models performing

aggressive acts. One showed an adult behaving aggressively towards

a doll and the other showed a cartoon character displaying the same

aggressive behavior. Children watched these filmed versions of

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aggressive behavior imitated the aggression. The observation of the

live model produced more imitation of specific aggressive acts;

observation of the filmed models produced more aggressive responses

of all kinds. From the finding of his experiment, we are considering

the effects of watching violent television programmes. There are

several studies regarding this issue.

Steuer, Applefield and Smith (1971) carried a study of two group

of children watch television for a specific amount of time every

day. One group watched violent cartoons; the other group watched

non-violent cartoons. The results of this study indicated that the

children who watched violent cartoons became more aggressive in

their interactions with their peers, while the other group showed

no difference in their behavior.

Eron and his associates (1972) reported on their longitudinal

study which traced T.V. viewing habits over a ten year period. The

results of this study showed high exposure to violent television

programmes at age 9 was positively related to aggression in men at

the age of 19. But there is no consisted relationship between the

T.V. viewing habits of girls and their aggressive behavior because

girls are seldom reinforced for aggressive behavior.

We may find a relationship between viewing violence and

aggressive behavior; but we must be careful in interpreting the

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studies. The result does not necessarily mean that watching violent

television programmes causes aggressive behavior. We could say that

children who are naturally aggressive prefer to watch violent

television programmes.

希望以上资料对你有所帮助，附励志名言3条：：

1、世事忙忙如水流，休将名利挂心头。粗茶淡饭随缘过，富贵荣华莫强求。

2、“我欲”是贫穷的标志。事能常足，心常惬，人到无求品自高。

3、人生至恶是善谈人过；人生至愚恶闻己过。

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