2024年1月11日发(作者：)

英语词汇学真题2010年04月

(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)

一、Ⅰ.(总题数：30，分数：30.00)

we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ______ group of letters

printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.

A. small B. meaningful

C. vocal D. large

（分数：1.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：

2.______ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard

general words including informal. ones available to everyone and in-group words.

A. Terminology B. Jargon

C. Slang D. Argot

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：[解析] 俚语(slang)是一种次标准语言，介于诸如非正式的行话(cant)、隐语(argot)、术语(jargon)等概括性语言之间，适用于特定的圈子中的每个成员。俚语之所以被如此命名并不是基于其发音和拼写的特点，而是由其用法决定的。

3."I'm sure that they will come today. "

There are ______ content words in the above sentence.

A. 2 B. 3

C. 4 D. 5

（分数：1.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：[解析] 实义词(content words)能够表示具体、明确的概念，这类词包括名词、动词、形容词、副词和数词。

of the following is one of the three channels through which modern English vocabulary

develops?

A. Acronymy. B. Blending.

C. Elevation. D. Borrowing.

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：[解析] 现代英语词汇的发展模式主要有三种：创造新词(creation)、语义变化(semantic change)和借词(borrowing)。A、B两项是构词法的类型，C项是词义变化的形式之一。

, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the following EXCEPT ______.

A. kungfu B. TV dinner

C. fast food D. Watergate

（分数：1.00）

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析：

modem times, ______ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.

A. semantic change B. borrowing

C. expansion D. creation

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：[解析] 创造新词是指用英语中现存的词汇材料，即词根、词缀和其他元素来构成新词的过程。在现代社会，创造新词是促使词汇增加的最重要的一种方式。

plural morpheme "-s" is realized by/iz/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______.

A. /s/ B. /g/

C. /z/ D.

（分数：1.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：

word "idealistic" comprises ______ morphemes.

A. 1 B. 2

C. 3 D. 4

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：

following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ______.

A. happier B. worker

C. harder D. taller

（分数：1.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：

10."Washing machine" is a word formed by ______.

A. prefixation B. compounding

C. conversion D. blending

（分数：1.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：[解析] 复合法是指通过直接连接两个或多个词根构成新词的构词方法，通过这种方法构成的词叫复合词(compounds)。复合词的不同部分可以写成一个词的形式，可以使用连字符，也可以写成两个或多个不同的词的形式。

11."TV" is a(n) ______.

A. initialism B. acronym

C. derivative D. compound

（分数：1.00）

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析：[解析] 首字母缩略词(initialisms)的读法是逐字母拼读。构成首字母缩略词的字母可以是组成词的各部分的首字母的集合，也可以是其某一部分的字母的集合。

prefix "mis-" in the word "mistrust" is a ______ prefix.

A. negative B. reversative

C. pejorative D. locative

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：[解析] 像“mal-”，“mis-”和“pseudo-”等都是表示贬义的前缀。和否定前缀不同，贬义前缀表达消极的和轻蔑的主观感情。

of the following is NOT one of the meanings of "word-meaning"?

A. Reference. B. Concept.

C. Sense. D. Pronunciation.

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：[解析] 词的意义包括三方面的内容：所指(reference)、概念(concept)和语义(sense)。所指表示的是语言和客观世界的关系；概念则超越了语言本身，是人类认知的结果，是客观世界在人脑中的反映；语义处理的是语言内部的关系。

synonymous pair as "die-pass away" has the same ______ but different stylistic values.

A. reference B. concept

C. motivation D. style

（分数：1.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：[解析] 概念无论文化、种族和语言有何等差异，对所有人来说都是一样的，而语义则受不同语言的限制。因此，一个概念可以因语言的不同用很多种表达方式来表示，即使在同一门语言里，同一个概念也可以有不同的词语表达形式。题目中的“die-pass away”这组词语所含概念相同，但是所含有的社会文化和语体价值却不一样。

word "airmail" is ______ motivated.

A. onomatopoeically B. etymologically

C. semantically D. morphologically

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：[解析] 复合词和派生词(derived words)均是多词素词，它们中许多词语的意思都是其构成词素的意思的集合。在许多情况下，如果知道一个词中每一个词素的意思，就可以猜出整个词语的意思。例如，airmail就是通过空运传递的邮件，即mail by air。

are arbitrary symbols with independent identities so far as their spelling and

pronunciation are concerned. But ______, all words are related in one way or another.

A. linguistically B. semantically

C. grammatically D. pragmatically

（分数：1.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：

17.______, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the central meaning.

A. Onomatopoeically B. Diachronically

C. Synchronically D. Etymologically

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：[解析] 从共时性角度来看，一词多义是一个词的不同意义在一定历史时期(比如说现代英语时期)共存的现象。这时，一个词的基本意思就构成了该词意义的核心，称为中心意义。

important criterion to tell the fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants

is to see their ______.

A. ideology B. etymology

C. mythology D. methodology

（分数：1.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：[解析] 区别同形同音异义词和多义词的一个重要的标准就是看两者词源的特点。同形同音异义词来源不同，而多义词则是指同一个词在长期的发展过程中形成了不同的含义。

lary is the most ______ element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both

in form and content.

A. unbalanced B. unstable

C. unhinged D. undoubted

（分数：1.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：

Shakespeare's well-known Hamlet, rival means "______" and jump means "just".

A. janitor B. partner

C. collector D. observer

（分数：1.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：

the sentence "Just after two years he is quite a grown boy now." the word grown can be

classified into ______ sense of transfer.

A. physical B. objective

C. sensational D. subjective

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：[解析] “Just after two years he is quite a grown boy now.”表示的是说话者对所叙述的对象特征的个人主观判断，是主观语义转移(subjective sense of transfer)。客观语义转移(objective sense

of transfer)则相反。通感转移(sensational sense of transfer)则指的是语义在感觉之间，如视觉和听觉之间的转移。没有A项的说法，因此D项为正确答案。

some cases, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.

This is called ______ context.

A. non-linguistic B. lexical

C. grammatical D. cultural

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：[解析] 在某些情况下，一个单词的意思会受到其所在的句子结构的影响。这种句子结构就是我们所说的语法语境(grammatical context)。在词汇语境(lexical context)中，词的意思主要受到其临近的词的影响，因此本题的正确答案是C。

sentence "He is a hard businessman." is ambiguous due to ______.

A. grammatical structure B. lexical context

C. homonymy D. polysemy

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：[解析] 在“He is a hard businessman.”中，引起歧义的是“hard”这个词，因为它是多义词，在没有充分的语境的前提下它可以被解释成“工作努力的”或者“难对付的”。

extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire ______.

A. physical situation B. grammatical structure

C. mental activity D. cultural background

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：

of the following is NOT one aspect of the rhetorical features of idioms?

A. Phonetic manipulation. B. Lexical manipulation.

C. Syntactical manipulation. D. Figures of speech.

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：

26."In nothing flat" as an idiom is ______ in nature.

A. verbal B. nominal

C. adjectival D. adverbial

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：[解析] 习语“in nothing flat”的意思是“在极短的时间内”，在句子中作副词用，例如：He

finished his breakfast in nothing flat．他很快地吃完了早餐。

idiom "Failure is the mother of success." is a ______ as far as figures of speech are

concerned.

A. simile B. metaphor

C. metonymy D. personification

（分数：1.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：[解析] 拟人(personification)是指把物(包括物体、动物、思想或抽象概念)拟作人，使其具有人的外表、个性或情感的修辞手段。拟人可以通过形容词、动词或名词表现出来。而喑喻则是本体和喻体同时都出现的一种比喻，其标志是“成了…是”等比喻词。因此，“Failure is the mother of success”这个习语运用了暗喻的修辞手段。

of the following is NOT one of the three good general dictionaries mentioned in the

textbook?

A. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.

B. Webster's Third New International Dictionary.

C. A Chinese-English Dictionary.

D. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary.

（分数：1.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：

r's Third New International Dictionary is the best-known ______ dictionary.

A. unabridged B. desk

C. pocket D. encyclopedic

（分数：1.00）

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析：

h dictionaries generally use ______ to mark the pronunciation.

A. British Phonetic Alphabet B. American Phonetic Alphabet

C. International Phonetic Alphabet D. Webster's Phonetic Alphabet

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：

二、Ⅱ.(总题数：1，分数：10.00)

A. maltreat

B. Jap/nigger

C. tremble (not quiver) with fear

D. famous/determined

E. extraordinary/telecommunication

F. prefixes of degree

G. inflectional affixes

H. reversative prefixes

I. contradictory terms

J. relative terms

（分数：10.00）

(1).appreciative meanings（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：D）

解析：

(2).parent/child（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：J）

解析：

(3).pejorative prefixes（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：A）

解析：

(4).man/woman（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：I）

解析：

(5).hyperactive/superfreeze（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：F）

解析：

(6).collocative meaning（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：C）

解析：

(7).decompose/unwrap（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：H）

解析：

(8).pejorative meaning（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：B）

解析：

(9).radios/desks（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：G）

解析：

(10).locative prefixes（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：E）

解析：

三、Ⅲ.(总题数：10，分数：10.00)

rians insist that a word be a 1 form that can function in a sentence.

（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：free）

解析：

Modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions because English

has evolved from a synthetic language to the present 1 language.

（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：analytic）

解析：

Morphemes can be grouped into free morphemes and 1 morphemes.

（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：bound）

解析：

words which are created by adding affixes to stems are called 1.

（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：derivatives）

解析：

having little lexical meaning, 1 words have strong grammatical meaning.

（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：functional）

解析：

vocabulary of a language is in constant change; old items drop out, new items come in,

and as the new replace the old,the internal 1 of the whole set alter.

（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：relations）

解析：

attitudes of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation

or 1.

（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：degradation）

解析：

sentence "I like Mary better than Jean." will lead to 1.

（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：ambiguity）

解析：

fixity of idioms depends on the 1.

（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：idiomaticity）

解析：

opedic dictionaries can be further divided into 1 and encyclopedic dictionaries.

（分数：1.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：encyclopedia）

解析：

四、Ⅳ.(总题数：5，分数：10.00)

ed words

（分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(Borrowed words are words taken over from foreign languages, including denizens, aliens,

translation-loans and semantic-loans.)

解析：

sion

（分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another

class.)

解析：

tion

（分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.)

解析：

ing

（分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(Narrowing, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a

process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.)

解析：

ement of idioms

（分数：2.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(Replacement of idioms suggests that in some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by

a word of the same part of speech, resulting in synonymous or antonymous idioms.)

解析：

五、Ⅴ.(总题数：4，分数：20.00)

are derivational affixes?

（分数：5.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(As the term indicates, derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to

create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.)

解析：

is the grammatical meaning of a word? Give an example to illustrate your point.

（分数：5.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates

grammatical concept or relationships, such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning

of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. Grammatical meaning of a word

becomes important only when it is used in actual context.)

解析：

type of transfer is experienced for the word in bold type?

The fairy tale "The Sleeping Beauty" is very interesting.

（分数：5.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(Abstract meaning to concrete meaning. Transfer may occur between abstract and concrete

meanings; the transfer in "The Sleeping Beauty" is the transfer from abstract meaning to concrete

meaning.)

解析：

whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the

stylistic features of idioms.

Stylistically speaking, most idioms are neither formal nor informal.

（分数：5.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(This statement is false. A large proportion of idioms were once created by working

people of various occupations, and these expressions were all colloquial and informal. But their

usefulness has made them enjoy significant popularity among people so that they have become part

of the common core of language. Despite the fact, idioms are generally felt to be informal and

some are colloquialisms and slang, therefore inappropriate for formal style.)

解析：

六、Ⅵ.

Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.

(总题数：2，分数：20.00)

e and comment, with a diagram, on the italicized words "increase", "extend" and "expand"

in the following three sentences based on the concept of discrimination of synonyms.

[a] The company has decided to increase its sales by ten per cent next year.

[b] The owner of the restaurant is going to extend the kitchen by ten feet this year.

[c] The metal will expand if heated.

（分数：10.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(Synonyms are different in denotation. They may differ in the range and intensity of

meaning. The three words each express a different kind of enlargement.

This can be illustrated by the following diagrams.

)

解析：

the roles of context in determination of word meaning. Illustrate your points with

examples.

（分数：10.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(Context has three major functions:

1. Elimination of ambiguity. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. Grammatical

structure also leads to ambiguity. However, when in adequate context, this kind of ambiguity will

be got rid of. For example, the sentence "He is a hard businessman. " can be ambiguous, but the

ambiguity will be eliminated if it is extended as "He is a hard businessman to deal with. "

2. Indication of referents. English has a large number of words, such as now/then, which are often

used to refer directly to people, time, etc. Without clear context, the reference can be very

confusing. For example, the word "now" always means the time of speaking, naturally referring

to a past time when the speech took place in the past or a present moment if the person is speaking.

3. Provision of clues for inferring word meaning. Context may prove extremely valuable in guessing

the meaning of the new words. The following clues can be used to guess the meaning of new words:

definition, explanation, example, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, relevant details and word

structure.)

解析：