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托福阅读TPO6(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Powering the Industrial Revolution

托福阅读原文

In Britain one of the most dramatic changesof theIndustrial Revolution

was the harnessing of power. Until the reign ofGeorge Ⅲ(1760-1820),available sources of power for work and travel had notincreased

since theMiddle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal

orhuman muscles; thewind, operating on sail or windmill; and running

water. Onlythe last of thesewas suited at all to the continuous operating

of machines, andalthoughwaterpower abounded in Lancashire and

Scotland and ran grain mills aswell astextile mills, it had one great

disadvantage: streams flowed wherenature intendedthem to, and water-driven factories had to be located on theirbanks whether ornot the

location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore,even the

mostreliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in

adrought. Thenew age of machinery, in short, could not have been born

without anew sourceof both movable and constant power.

The source had long been known but notexploited. Early inthe eighteenth

century, a pump had come into use in whichexpanding steamraised a

piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure broughtit down againwhen

the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a

“atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and

vastly improved byhispartner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied

revolutionary principles, but it was soslowand wasteful of fuel that it

could not be employed outside the coal minesforwhich it had been

designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected aseparatecondenser for the

steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooledat everystroke; then

he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and

thusconvertreciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion.

Hetherebytransformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam

engine ofathousand uses. The final step came when steam was

introduced into thecylinderto drive the piston backward as well as

forward, thereby increasing thespeedof the engine and cutting its fuel

consumption.

Watt's steam engine soon showed what itcould do. Itliberated industry

from dependence on running water. The engine eliminatedwaterin the

mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper

anddeepermining. The ready availability of coal inspired William

Murdoch duringthe 1790sto develop the first new form of nighttime

illumination to bediscovered in amillennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled

smoky oil lamps andflickering candles,and early in the new century, well-

to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslithouses and even streets. Iron

manufacturers, which hadstarved for fuel whiledepending on charcoal,

also benefited fromever-increasing supplies of coal:blast furnaces with

steam-powered bellowsturned out more iron and steel for thenew

machinery. Steam became the motiveforce of the Industrial Revolution

ascoal and iron ore were the raw materials.

By1800 more than athousand steam engines were in use in the British

Isles, andBritain retained avirtual monopoly on steam engine production

until the power didnot merely spin cotton and roll iron; early

in the new century,it alsomultiplied ten times over the amount of paper

that a single workercouldproduce in a day. At the same time, operators

of the first printingpresses runby steam rather than by hand found it

possible to produce a thousandpages inan hour rather than thirty. Steam

also promised to eliminate atransportationproblem not fully solved by

either canal boats or could carryheavy weights, but

canals could not cross hilly terrain;turnpikes could crossthe hills, but the

roadbeds could not stand upundergreatweights. These problems needed

still another solution, and theingredients forit lay close at hand. In some

industrial regions, heavily ladenwagons, withflanged wheels, were being

hauled by horses along metal rails; andthestationary steam engine was

puffing in the factory and mine. Anothergenerationpassed before

inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, byputtingthe

engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide amachine

totake the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from whathad

alreadyhappened in the eighteenth century.

托福阅读试题

of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential informationin

the highlighted sentence in the passage(paragragh 1) ? Incorrect choices

change the meaning inimportant ways or leaveout essential information．

g water was the best power sourcefor factories since it could

keep machines operating continuously, but since itwas abundant only in

Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories thatwere located

elsewhere could not be water driven.

disadvantage of using waterpower isthat streams do not

necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable forfactories, which

explains why so many water-powered grain and textile millswere located

in undesirable places.

machines could be operatedcontinuously only where running

water was abundant, grain and textile mills, aswell as other factories,

tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.

g water was the only source ofpower that was suitable for the

continuous operation of machines, but to makeuse of it, factories had to

be located where the water was, regardless ofwhether such locations

made sense otherwise.

of the following best describes therelation of paragraph 2 to

paragraph 1?

aph 2 shows how the problemdiscussed in paragraph 1 arose.

aph 2 explains how the problempresented in paragraph 1 came

to be solved.

aph 2 provides a more technicaldiscussion of the problem

introduced in paragraph aph 2 shows why theproblem

discussed in paragraph 1 was especially important to solve.

word “exploited”in the passage(paragraph 2) is closest in

meaning to

ed

ized

ed

understood

word “vastly”in the passage(paragraph 2) is closet in meaning to

y

tely

y

lly

ing to paragraph 2, the“atmospheric engine” was slow

because

had been designed to be used in coalmines

cylinder had to cool between eachstroke

made use of expanding steam to raisethe piston in its cylinder

could be operated only when a largesupply of fuel was available

ing to paragraph 2, Watt's steamengine differed from earlier

steam engines in each of the following waysEXCEPT:

used steam to move a piston in acylinder.

worked with greater speed.

was more efficient in its use of fuel.

could be used in many different ways.

paragraph 3, the author mentionsWilliam Murdoch’s invention of a

new form of night time illumination inorder to

te one of the importantdevelopments made possible by the

introduction of Watt's steam engine

the point that Watt's steam enginewas not the only invention of

importance to the Industrial Revolution

rate how important coal was as araw material for the Industrial

Revolution

e an example of anothereighteenth-century invention that used

steam as a power source

phrase “grewaccustomed to” in thepassage (paragraph 3) is

closest in meaning to

to prefer

to have

used to

ed on

word “retained”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning

to

ished

ed from

ined

ing to paragraph 4, which of thefollowing statements about

steam engines is true?

were used for the production ofpaper but not for printing.

1800, significant numbers of them wereproduced outside of Britain.

were used in factories before theywere used to power trains.

were used in the construction ofcanals and turnpikes.

ing to paragraph 4, providing amachine to take the place of

thehorse involved combining which two previouslyseparate ingredients?

kes and canals

nary steam engines and wagons withflanged wheels

rails in roadbeds and wagonscapable of carrying heavy loads

boats and heavily laden wagons

12. Look at the four squares [█] thatindicate where the following sentence

could be added to the passage．Thefactories did not have to go to the

streams when power could come to thefactories．

█【A】Watt's steam enginesoon showed what it could do. █【B】It

liberatedindustryfrom dependence on running water. █【C】The

engineeliminatedwater in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which

made possibledeeper anddeeper mining. █【D】The readyavailability of

coal inspired William Murdoch during the1790s to develop thefirst new

form of nighttime illumination to be discoveredin a millennium and ahalf.

Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickeringcandles, and early in

thenew century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed togaslit houses

and evenstreets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuelwhile

depending oncharcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies

ofcoal: blast furnaceswith steam-powered bellows turned out more iron

and steelfor the newmachinery. Steam became the motive force of the

IndustrialRevolution as coaland iron ore were the raw materials.

Where would the sentence best fit?

13. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the

passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the

THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in

thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they

express ideasthat are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in

the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The Industrial Revolution would not havebeen possible without a

newsource of power that was efficient, movable, andcontinuously

available.

the early eighteenth century, Saveryand Newcomen discovered that

expanding steam could be used to raise a piston ina cylinder.

’s steam engine played a leading rolein greatly increasing

industrial production of all kinds.

the 1830s, Britain was the world’smajor producer of steam

engines.

the mid-1700s James Watt transformedan inefficient steam pump

into a fast, flexible, fuel-efficient engine.

the 1790s William Murdoch developed anew way of lighting houses

and streets using coal gas.

ilability of steam engines was a major factor in the development

ofrailroads, which solved a major transportation problem.

托福阅读答案

1.原句很长，首先分析清楚最应该断句的地方，是第一个逗号，前半句是只有最后一个，也就是前面说的流水能够满足要求；后半句的结构是尽管怎样，有一个很大的缺点，缺点是blabla；原文说L和S两个地方水能充足，但没说只有这

两个地方充足，A和C错；B缺失了原文的前半句，属于遗漏重要信息，错

2.问第二段与第一段的关系，第一段说了水能的缺点，这是上一题读到的，提出了一个问题；第二段一开始就说这个能源早就发现了，也就是蒸汽。两段就说一个提出问题，一个提出解决方案，所以B对。

t开采，开发，利用，剥削，所以A的utilize正确。原文说已经知道了单身没怎么样，所以B的recognize矛盾；而且整段都在说怎么用，而且fully

understood和examine的信息都没有，所以都不选

巨大地，所以greatly正确。A很快B最终D开始都不靠谱

5.以画出来的atmosphericengine做关键词，读所在句，说slow的地方没给出原因，往下看，说1760年瓦特完善了这个蒸汽机，使得每个stroke之间不再需要冷却了，也就是说以前的蒸汽机是要冷却的，所以慢，正确答案B

6.注意这道题由于PDF的打印问题，EXCEPT没大写。排除法，由上题就能看出，B是对的，不选；C的efficient和D的many different ways都可以从倒数第二句中找到，正确，不选；原文没说A是和以前的不同的，所以A错，选

7.修辞目的题，整个WilliamMurdoch所在的那句都是一个例子，往前看，之前一句话说这个engine能够排水，使得深层开矿成为可能，但还是在说一个机器

的作用，不是中心，所以看到中心句，说瓦特的蒸汽机能做很多事情，William

Murdoch的这个东西是一个根据瓦特的东西弄出来的，所以答案A

accustomed to习惯于，所以becameused to正确。原文说煤气胜过了油灯和蜡烛，伦敦人怎么样了由煤气照明的屋子和街道；A的prefer表示比较，前文已经胜过了就没必要再比较了；B说想要有，同理前文已经说有了，所以B错；insist on是坚持，原文没说要改，所以跟坚持无关

保留，保持，所以D的maintain正确；原文说已经有一千部蒸汽机在英伦三岛，而且英国怎么样了垄断；选项当中的gain和establish都有从无到有的意思，而原文从一开始就说英国工业革命成功的原因是利用能源，所以不是从无到有，profit from从中获利原文没说，错

10.问题当中无明显关键词，排除法。第二句的分号之后和第三句说明A不对，造纸和印刷都用了蒸汽机；1800做关键词定位至第一句，说直到1830年英国才失去蒸汽机的垄断地位，所以B反了；倒数第二句说another generation

passed before蒸汽机用在铁路上，所以C正确；原文提到canal和turnpike的时候没说蒸汽机用来建设它们

11.以ingredients做关键词定位至倒数第二句，有combining these

ingredients，these说明答案在前句。前句分别说到蒸汽机和马车，所以答案是B

12.两个过渡点，factories和stream，分别对应原文的industry和runningwater，就此，B或者C正确；但B之后的代词it指代前文的Watt’s

steam engine，过度紧密，不插入任何句子，所以C正确

the early选项是第二段中的一个细节，不选

Watt’s steam engine选项对应原文第三段第一句，或者说整个第三段，正确

Until选项对应第四段第一句，但这句话不是中心句，所以是细节，不选

In the mid选项对应原文第二段后三句，正确

in the 1790s选项是第三段中的一个细节，不选

the availability选项对应原文第四段后三句，正确